1. Daniel Bristow, Peter Gong, Bronte Davis and Devin Haslem

2.  Computers should be incorporated into athletic events to eliminate the human errors made by sports officials. This incorporation would allow the best athlete or best team to be victorious and not have athletes or teams loose because of an error by an official.

3.  Tracking the flight path of a shot ◦ FlightScope  Rangefinders ◦ Calculate the distance from the ball’s position to the pin on the green

4.  Hawk-Eye Technology ◦ 2D, 3D and 4D images combine to show trajectory and where the ball lands ◦ Heat maps track player movements to help with statistics

5.  Video Goal Judge ◦ Has final say over disputed goals ◦ Located in Toronto  Communicate instantaneously with referees to confirm or deny goals ◦ On-ice referees do not have access to monitors for reviewing plays

6.  QuesTec ◦ Pitch Tracking  Shows strikezone and whether a pitch is a ball or a strike ◦ Video Review  Implemented for the 2014 season  Managers and the crew chief of the umpires can challenge a call  Stats for September 2014  48 calls confirmed  58 calls stood  111 calls overturned

7.  Goal-Line Technology ◦ Smart Ball  Soccer ball with location sensors imbedded inside  When they cross the plane of the goal, it sends a signal to the referee’s watch within a second ◦ Hawk-Eye System  Combines images from 3 cameras fixed within the goal posts  Captures footage at 600 FPS  Sends an audible tone to the referee’s headset to indicate that a goal has been scored

8. ◦ Goal Ref System  Uses radio frequencies fixed to two magnetic fields  One within the goal  Coils affixed to the posts  One around the ball  If a goal is scored, it sends a pulse and a message to the referee’s watch

9.  Referees will refer to instant replay in the event of being unable to determine possession after the ball goes out of play ◦ Can only be used in the last two minutes of a game  Instant replay also used to determine if there is a shot clock violation or not

10.  Perhaps the most technologically advanced mainstream sport  Referees use enhanced virtual reality to determine calls ◦ First downs ◦ Confirming field goals  Instant Replay ◦ Used for confirmation ◦ Consulted for challenges to calls made or not made  The referee has 60 seconds to determine whether the footage is “incontrovertible visual evidence”

11.  Only the replay assistant in the booth may challenge a call on a scoring play, turnover or a play taking place after the two minute warning in either half

12.  Reduce Errors  Helps human judgment  Benefits outweigh the costs  Accuracy

13.  May not be a 100% reliable  The role of a referee is reduced  Cost of technology

15.  Major League Baseball employs technology that tracks pitches and measures strike zones, monitoring home plate umpires with cameras and computer analysis.

16.  The Cyclops computer system debuts at Wimbledon, using infrared beams to help determine whether shots are in or out.

18.  During football games, broadcasts use yellow lines to show the distance needed for a first down. Like instant replay, the technology could move from the broadcast booth to an electronic aid for officials.

20.  Data is recorded and used with complicated programs to create usable statistics  Large databases are used to track statistics with computers

21.  Life before the TV  Sound equipment computer improvements  High definition  Graphical design artists

22.  Fitness regimens  OptimEye  Other devices

23.  Investigation description  How computers were used in investigation  Outcomes of study