1. The Emergence of Modern China
Chapter 31: China
Section 1:
The Emergence of Modern China

2. Communists Take Over
1930’s: Japan invaded Manchuria, a northern province in China
Invasion forced the Communists and Nationalists to work together
1945: 2 parties fought each other
Communists: successful
Many popular reforms: lowering peasants’ rent
1949: Nationalists defeated
October 1, 1949: People’s Republic of China

3. 1 Nation, 2 Governments
Chiang Kai-Shek and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan
Set up a provincial government in Taiwan
Claimed his government represented China
Vowed one day to re-conquer China
1971: United Nations recognize the government of mainland China as the official government of China

4. A Communist Nation Common Ownership
China in ruins after the war
Mao wanted to increase agricultural productivity
Established collective farms
People work together and share whatever they harvest
1956:10 million families, 88% of all Chinese peasants, were relocated to collective farms

5. The Great Leap Forward China failed to meet Mao’s goals
1958: The Great Leap Forward into Communism
Commune settlements
Self-sufficient communal settlements
Contained both farms and industries
Resembled life in the military
Party officials made all the decisions

6. “A Serious Leap Backwards”
Production fell
Difficult life in the communes
Received the same rewards regardless of the amount they produced
Little incentive for people to work hard
1960: Government abandoned the Great Leap Forward campaign

7. The Cultural Revolution
Many people criticized Mao
Response: more drastic measures were needed to revolutionize China
1966: Cultural Revolution
Smash the old order completely to establish a new, socialist society

8. Red Guards Army of radical young men and women
Job: destroy the Four Olds
Old ideology
Old thought
Old habits
Old customs
Anyone who disagreed with Mao were publicly humiliated, beaten, or killed
People lost their jobs, imprisoned, or sent to the country to work as peasants

9. “To Rebel is justified”
Farm production failed
Factories stopped running
Schools closed
Cultural Revolution, enormous failure
Hundreds of thousands of innocent people were jailed or driven into the remote, rural areas
Entire generation of young people lost their chance for an education

10. 1976: Power Struggle 1976 Mao Zedong dies
Gang of Four: wanted to continue the Cultural Revolution
Deng Xiaoping: Wanted to end Maoism

11. Four Modernizations Goals were to improve… Agriculture Industry
Science and technology
Defense

12. Agriculture Contract Responsibility System
Government rented land to individual farm families
Families could decide what to grow
Contract with the government: provide crops at a certain price
Families free to sell surplus
Chance to make more money led farmers to increase their production

13. Industrial Development
Mao: Heavy Industry
Produce iron, steel, and machines used in other industries
1976: Chinese technology outdated and inefficient
Xiaoping’s Goals:
Consumer goods: Changed to light industry
Increase production: More decision-making power to managers and an incentive system

14. Special Economic Zones
China’s East Coast
Near Hong Kong and Taiwan
Hoped to attract foreign capital, companies, and technology
Enormously successful
1978: 1.5 million industrial firms
1993: 8 million industrial firms

15. Unexpected Results Economic growth: uneven Coastal regions grew rich
Interior China left behind
Millions of people migrated from rural China into the cities
million workers drift from job to job
Plan for more Special Economic Zones for the interior and north
Economy is stronger today than it has ever been