2. 1 ETRR-2 Neutron Radiography Facility ETRR-2 Neutron Radiography Facility T. Mongy Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) of Egypt, ETRR-2

3. 2 Contents 1- Introduction, 2- The Principle Setup for Radiography, 3- Use of Neutrons in NDT, 4- Imaging Techniques, 5- Description of ETRR-2 NR Facility and its Characterization parameters, 6- Applications of ETRR-2 NR Facility in Scientific Research 7- Conclusions.

4. 3 1- Introduction  Radiography = “Writing with radiation”  Transforms invisible radiation (latent image) into visible images,  Helps to detect invisible and hidden structures of objects.  Become an important tool in many fields of scientific and technical relevance (Non-Destructive Testing) NDT.

5. 4  Tomography is the process of reconstructing a three dimensional distribution of the attenuation coefficients in the volume from many two dimensional projections of the sample, taken at different angles. Figure (1) Neutron Tomography

6. 5 Figure (2) Principle of Neutron Tomography

7. 6 2-The Principle Setup for Radiography Figure (3) Simplified arrangement for radiography investigations

8. 7 3- Use of neutrons in NDT Figure (4) Neutron and X-rays mass attenuation coefficient

9. 8 In contrast to x- rays; as the major tool of visual NDT, neutrons can: (1) Be attenuated by light materials like water, hydrocarbons, and boron, (2) Penetrate through heavy materials like steel, lead and uranium, (3) Distinguish between different isotopes of certain elements, (4) Supply high quality radiographs of highly radioactive components.

10. 9 - The neutron radiographer is a person who performs or personally supervises industrial radiography with neutrons and is responsible for ensuring compliance with national regulations and the safe use of radioactive materials and neutron beams and meets the established radiation safety, testing, and experience criteria.

11. 10 4- Imaging Techniques 1- Film Based Imaging Direct Exposure Technique Indirect (Transfer) Technique

12. 11 2- Auto Radiography, 3- Dynamic System Neutron Radiography.

13. 12 1- Film Based Imaging: A) Direct Exposure Technique Figure (5) Direct method with photographic film

14. 13 1- Film Based Imaging: C) Indirect Technique (Transfer Technique) Figure (6) Transfer method with photographic film

15. 14 2- Auto Radiography: Figure (7) Auto Radiography

16. 15 3- Dynamic System Neutron Radiography (Real Time Neutron Radiography) Figure (8) Principle set-up of a camera based neutron radiography detector system

17. 16 5- Description of ETRR-2 Neutron Radiography (NR) Facility and its Characterization Parameters Figure (9) ETRR-2 NR facility geometric model

18. 17 - Characterization Parameters 1- Thermal flux: 1.5 × 10 7 n/cm 2 · s, 2- n th /γ ratio: 0.1 × 10 6 n · cm −2 · mR −1 3- Cd ratio: 10.26, 4- Resolution: 0.188 mm, 5- Spatial resolution: 0.2 mm, 5- L/D ratio (Collimation Ratio): 117.3

19. 18 6- Applications of ETRR-2 NR Facility in Scientific Research  M. Sc. in Commissioning of ETRR-2 NR Facility and its Characterization Parameters (2003),  Ph. D. in Imaging Enhancement by Scattered Thermal Neutrons Deblurring in ETRR-2 NR Facility, (2007),  Ph. D. in Water Permeability in Concrete (Zagazig University),  Ph. D. in Quantitative Hydrogenous Components Measurement by Recoil Protons (Alexandria University).  M. Sc. in NDT by Neutrons (Alexandria University).

20. 19 6- Applications of ETRR-2 NR Facility in Scientific Research (1) Study of Water Migration in Construction Porous Materials: The ability of concrete to withstand the penetration of liquid and oxygen (durability of concrete) can be investigated by NR. The porosity, sorptivity (the rate of movement of a waterfront through a porous medium under capillary action) and permeability of concrete can be studied by NR. To improve the durability of concrete, the capillary and pore size within the concrete complex must be restricted to a minimum by adding chemical additive.

21. 20 Figure (10) Study of the evolution of water distribution profiles during the water migration in porous concrete.

22. 21 (2) Imaging of Infiltration, Root Growth and Root Water Uptake via N R: Fig. (11) Water distribution in the plant root water uptake is not uniform but rather is localized in a certain region.

23. 22 (3) N R Inspection of Investment Casting Imaging the presence of casting voids and cracks in metallic structures: Figure (12) Neutron radiography (A) and X-ray radiography (B) of cast iron broken flange, the porosities and thickness variation are not manifested when radiographed by X-ray

24. 23 (4) NR in defects and internals detection: B C Defect Figure (13) Real photo (A), neutron radiography (B) and X-ray radiography (C) of defective ball bearing

25. 24 (4) NR in defects and internals detection: Figure (14) Real photo of stainless steel lock

26. 25 (4) NR in defects and internals detection: Figure (15) Neutron radiography (A) and X-ray radiography (B) of stainless steel lock. Welding defect is pronounced in imaging by neutrons.

27. 26 ( 4) NR in defects and internals detection: Figure (16) Neutron radiography (A) and X-ray radiography (B) of non-return valve. The ability of X-rays to penetrate heavy copper body is insufficient to detect internals

28. 27 (5) NR in Culture Heritage : Figure (17) Neutron Autoradiography in culture heritage.

29. 28 Figure (18) Exposure of high sensitive x-ray film

30. 29 Figure (19) Baptism of a Child

31. 30 Figure (20) Auto Neutron Radiography of Baptism of a Child

32. 31 Figure (21) Auto Neutron Radiography Investigation of Baptism of a Child

33. 32 Figure (22) Auto Neutron Radiography Investigation of Baptism of a Child

34. 33 7- Conclusions  Neutron Radiography (NR) is a challenger competitive tool in NDT techniques, and is the rising promising technique in the field.  It provides detail information could not be obtainable by the most traditional techniques.  NR is a useful non-destructive method for monitoring of transport processes of moisture and hydrogenous liquids in porous building materials to improve the quality of building materials using water resistant additives.  The NR technique can be employed to visualize cracks in concrete.

35. 34  Recognition of internal structure of unknown objects with quantitative NR,  NR is powerful in scientific research such as: - Visualization of fluid phenomena in a metallic vessel, - Visualization study of molten metal–water interaction, - Monitoring the water absorption by capillarity in porous materials, - Visualization of cavitation phenomena in a diesel engine fuel injection nozzle, - Measure changes in water content of plant material, - Studies objects from cultural heritage.

36. 35 Thank you for Attention