1. Why evolution does not mean we came from MONKEYS…
From Them to Us…
Why evolution does not mean we came from MONKEYS…

2. Primates
Primates are an order of mammals which includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans
Where do we separate?

3. COMMON PRIMATE TRAITS 5 DIGITS ON BOTH HANDS & FEET
NAILS INSTEAD OF CLAWS
FLEXIBLE HANDS WITH ABILITY TO GRIP
ERECT UPPER BODY
COLLARBONE
SMALL NOSE, NO ACUTE SENSE OF SMELL
USE OF VISION AS PRIMARY SENSE
LARGE & COMPLEX BRAIN
EFFICIENT FETAL NOURISHMENT
LONG PERIODS OF INFANT DEPENDENCY AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR
ADULT MALES ALWAYS PRESENT WITHIN GROUP (HELP IN CHILD REARING).

4. Trends in Primate Evolution
Larger body size
Increasing brain size or cranial capacity
More upright standing
Living in or near trees
A diet that includes plants and animals
Binocular vision that allows for depth perception

5. Trends in Primate Evolution continued…
Specialized color vision
A decreasing number of young produced al one time
Longer embryonic and childhood development
Specialized thumb
Increasing lifespan
Growing complexity of social behavior

6. Differences Between Man and Apes
Humans have the development of more specialized areas in the brain
Humans have a more vertical face plate
Humans have a smaller jaw and more evenly rounded arch
Humans have smaller canine teeth
Humans have smaller molars
Humans have longer lower limbs (legs) and shorter upper limbs (arms)

7. The biggy…Bipedalism
Bipedalism is erect posture and walking with two feet
Bipedalism was important in developing the ability to hunt and make tools

8. The World of our...
ANCESTORS

9. Hominids
Hominids are a family of primates which includes all two-legged manlike species, extinct or living
Examples of hominids are erect walking apes, ourselves and our ancestors

10. Ardipithecus ramidus (Ar. Ramidus)
4.4 m.y.a.
Ethiopia
Bipedal Theory
Stubby Canines
Cooperative males?

11. The Australopithecines
Means “Southern Ape”
Australopithecus was an erect walking ape that was a member of the hominid family
There were at least 5 kinds of Australopithecines, but probably one was man’s ancestor
Australopithecines lived 5 to 1 million years ago

12. Australopithecus Anamensis 4.2-3.9 mya
Found: Tibia, pieces of skull, and mandible
Characteristics:
Probably walked upright.
Enamel on teeth suggests a diet of hard food but size is pretty primitive.
Probably lived in open woodland in area that is now northern Kenya and southern Ethiopia.

13. Australopithecus Afarensis 4-3 mya
Australopithecus Afarensis resembled a chimpanzee, but was upright and bipedal
They lived million years ago
A.Afarensis probably did not make tools or understand fire

14. Australopithecus Afarensis 4-3 mya
Characteristics:
Foreword protruding face
U-Shaped Jaw (like an ape; human jaw’s are parabolic shaped)
Small Cranial Capacity (About the same size as modern chimps).
Debatable descendents…homo? robustus?

15. Lucy Lucy was an Australopithecus Afarensis
Her skeleton was was discovered by Donald Johanson in Ethiopia in 1974
She was the most complete pre-human skeleton ever found
Her bones gave many clues about her anatomy, diet and lifestyle

16. More Discoveries of A. Afarensis Fossils
AL 129
Complete Knee Joint
1976
Donald Johanson
Hadar Region of Ethiopia
Significance
Shows angle of femur to place foot under center of body.
Confirms upright walking.

17. More Discoveries of A. Afarensis Fossils
Footprints at Laetoli
3.6 mya
Footprints of two creatures formed in fresh lava ash.
1975
Mary Leakey
Laetoli, Tanzania
Significance
Height determined by length of stride 4’-4’8”
Confirmed Bipedality by this time
Big toe in line
Heel toe strike when walking

18. Location of Afarensis Finds

19. Australopithecus Africanus 3.3-2.5 mya
“Southern Apeman of Africa”
First Australopithicine to be identified
Raymond Dart’s Taung Child (1925)
The species walked upright and probably used tools
It is unknown where it came from and who it led too.

20. Australopithecus Africanus Findings
Taung Child

21. Australopithicus garhi 2.5 mya
May be a link between genus Australopithicus and Homo
May have been the earliest tool user
found scratches on Antelope bone fossils
Found in Ethiopia in 1997

22. Paranthropus boisei 2.3-1.2 mya
Highly specialized for heavy chewing.
Thrived in drier savannah climate.
Specialization may have been downfall as climate changed and it was unable to adapt.

23. Australopithecus Robustus
Australopithecus Robustus was probably another human “cousin”
The species was large and was probably a vegetarian
Robustus lived million years ago
Robustus was possibly preyed on by early humans
Fossils of Robustus were first found in East and South Africa in the 1930s and 40s by the Leakey family

24. A. Robustus Finds

25. Timeline of Human Evolution

26. The Evolution of Humans

28. Louis Leakey and Olduvai Gorge
Dr. Louis Leakey and his wife, Mary , did their fieldwork at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Dr. Richard Leakey, their son , currently does fieldwork in the Lake Turkana region
Louis Leakey is credited with the discovery of Homo Habilis, the first human

29. Homo Habilis 2.3-1.6 mya “Handy Man”
Homo Habilis was the earliest known species of the genus homo
Probably made tools
Probably scavenged for meat and ate vegetation
Skull was 30% larger than Australopithecines
Brain much more human like in shape.

30. Homo Habilis
Some anthropologists believe that Homo Habilis hunted for prey
These tools are believed to be the tools of Homo
Habilis

31. Homo Habilis Finds

32. Homo rudolfensis 2.3-1.6 mya & Homo ergaster 1.9-1.6 mya
Not much is known about Rudolfensis
Homo ergaster is the earlier African only form of Homo erectus.
Very rounded cranium, more spacious
Small teeth
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster

33. Homo Erectus 1.9-.3 mya “Erect of Upright Man”
Homo Erectus was the first large brained human
Sometimes called “Java Man” or “Peking Man”

34. Homo Erectus
Homo Erectus made tools and lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle
Diet included plants and animals

35. Homo Erectus Homo Erectus was the first hominid to migrate from Africa
Homo Erectus remains have been found in Africa, Asia and Europe

36. HANDSOME
FELLA!
HOMO ERECTUS
HOMO ERECTUS WAS THE FIRST HOMINID TO BE DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE OLD WORLD, PERHAPS EVEN TO EUROPE, ITSELF.
1 MILLION YEARS AGO HOMO ERECTUS LIVED IN ASIA
1.8 MILLION YEARS AGO IN JAVA
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SKULL WAS LONG, LOW, AND THICK WALLED WITH FLAT FRONTAL AREA AND PROMINENT BROW RIDGES
NOSE PROJECTED AND FROM THE NECK DOWN, INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM HOMO SAPIENS
HEIGHT AND WEIGHT RESEMBLED THAT OF MODERN HUMANS

37. Homo Heidelbergensis 700-100,000 years ago
The between species.
Features of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens.
Very robust mandible, no chin
Very prominent brow ridge
Increased cranial capacity.
Smaller teeth but bigger than Homo sapiens.

38. Neanderthal Man 250-30,000 years ago
Homo Neanderthalensis
This species was human , but was probably not an ancestor to modern humans

39. Neanderthal Man Neanderthal man had large arms and legs
His brain was actually larger than modern humans, but the language and speech center of the brain was not well developed
Neantherthal man was a hunter who made tools, had primitive language skills and used fire

40. Neanderthal Man
Fossilized remains of Neanderthal Man were first found in the Neander Valley of Germany in 1857
Neanderthal man is sometimes referred to as a cave man

42. Homo Sapiens 130,000 years ago-Present
“Thinking Man”
Lighter build in skeleton
Enormous brain capacity
1300 cc from 400 cc of early Australopithicine.
Early discoveries called Cro-Magnon Man.