1. Estimation and Confidence Intervals
Chapter 9 .

2. Learning Objectives LO9-1 Compute and interpret a point estimate of a
population mean.
LO9-2 Compute and interpret a confidence interval for a
LO9-4 Calculate the required sample size to estimate a
population proportion or population mean. .

3. LO9-1 Compute and interpret a point estimate of a population mean.
Point Estimates
A point estimate is a single value (point) derived from a sample and used to estimate a population value.

4. Confidence Interval Estimates
LO9-2 Compute and interpret a confidence interval for a population mean.
Confidence Interval Estimates
A confidence interval estimate is a range of values constructed from sample data so that the population parameter is likely to occur within that range at a specified probability. The specified probability is called the level of confidence.
C.I. = point estimate ± margin of error

5. Factors Affecting Confidence Interval Estimates
LO9-2
Factors Affecting Confidence Interval Estimates
The width of a confidence interval is determined by:
The sample size, n
The variability in the population, usually σ estimated by s
The desired level of confidence

6. Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Known
LO9-2
Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Known .
The width of the interval is determined by the level of confidence and the size of the standard error of the mean.
The standard error is affected by two values:
Standard deviation
Number of observations in the sample

7. Interval Estimates - Interpretation
LO9-2
Interval Estimates - Interpretation
For a 95% confidence interval about 95% of similarly constructed intervals will contain the parameter being estimated. Also 95% of the sample means for a specified sample size will lie within 1.96 standard deviations of the hypothesized population.

8. Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known - Example
LO9-2
Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known - Example
The American Management Association surveys middle managers in the retail industry and wants to estimate their mean annual income. A random sample of 49 managers reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this population is $2,050.
What is the best point estimate of the population mean?
What is a reasonable range of values for the population mean?
What do these results mean?

9. Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known – Example
LO9-2
Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known – Example
The American Management Association surveys middle managers in the retail industry and wants to estimate their mean annual income. A random sample of 49 managers reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this population is $2,050.
What is the best point estimate of the population mean?
Our best estimate of the unknown population mean is the corresponding sample statistic.
The sample mean of $45,420 is the point estimate of the unknown population mean.

10. Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known - Example
LO9-2
Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known - Example
The American Management Association surveys middle managers in the retail industry and wants to estimate their mean annual income. A random sample of 49 managers reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this population is $2,050.
What is a reasonable range of values for the population mean?
Suppose the association decides to use the 95 percent level of confidence.

11. How to Obtain a z-value for a Given Confidence Level
LO9-2
How to Obtain a z-value for a Given Confidence Level
The 95 percent confidence refers to the middle 95 percent of the observations. Therefore, the remaining 5 percent are equally divided between the two tails.
Following is a portion of Appendix B.3.

12. Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known – Example
LO9-2
Confidence Interval for a Mean, σ Known – Example
The American Management Association surveys middle managers in the retail industry and wants to estimate their mean annual income. A random sample of 49 managers reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this population is $2,050.
The 95 percent confidence interval estimate is:

13. Confidence Interval for a Mean – Interpretation
LO9-2
Confidence Interval for a Mean – Interpretation
The American Management Association surveys middle managers in the retail industry and wants to estimate their mean annual income. A random sample of 49 managers reveals a sample mean of $45,420. The standard deviation of this population is $2,050.
What is the interpretation of the confidence limits $45,846 and $45,994?
If we select many samples of 49 managers, and for each sample we compute the mean and then construct a 95 percent confidence interval, we could expect about 95 percent of these confidence intervals to contain the population mean. Conversely, about 5 percent of the intervals would not contain the population mean annual income, µ.

14. Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Unknown
LO9-2
Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Unknown
In most sampling situations the population standard deviation (σ) is not known. Below are some examples where it is unlikely the population standard deviations would be known.
The Dean of the Business College wants to estimate the mean number of hours full-time students work at paying jobs each week. He selects a sample of 30 students, contacts each student, and asks them how many hours they worked last week.
The Dean of Students wants to estimate the distance the typical commuter student travels to class. She selects a sample of 40 commuter students, contacts each, and determines the one-way distance from each student’s home to the center of campus.
The Director of Student Loans wants to know the mean amount owed on student loans at the time of his/her graduation. The director selects a sample of 20 graduating students and contacts each to find the information.

15. Using the t-Distribution: Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Unknown
LO9-2
Using the t-Distribution: Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Unknown
It is, like the z distribution, a continuous distribution.
It is, like the z distribution, bell-shaped and symmetrical.
There is not one t distribution, but rather a family of t distributions. All t distributions have a mean of 0, but their standard deviations differ according to the sample size, n.
The t distribution is more spread out and flatter at the center than the standard normal distribution As the sample size increases, however, the t distribution approaches the standard normal distribution.

16. LO9-2
Comparing the z and t Distributions When n is Small, 95% Confidence Level

17. Using the t-Distribution; Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Unknown
LO9-2
Using the t-Distribution; Confidence Intervals for a Mean, σ Unknown
A tire manufacturer wishes to investigate the tread life of its tires. A sample of 10 tires driven 50,000 miles revealed a sample mean of 0.32 inch of tread remaining with a standard deviation of 0.09 inch.
Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean.
Would it be reasonable for the manufacturer to conclude that after 50,000 miles the population mean amount of tread remaining is 0.30 inches?

18. Using the Student’s t-Distribution Table
LO9-2
Using the Student’s t-Distribution Table

19. Confidence Interval Estimates for the Mean – Example
LO9-2
Confidence Interval Estimates for the Mean – Example
The manager of the Inlet Square Mall, near Ft. Myers, Florida, wants to estimate the mean amount spent per shopping visit by customers. A sample of 20 customers reveals the following amounts spent.
Based on a 95% confidence interval, do customers spend $50 on average? Do they spend $60 on average? .

20. Confidence Interval Estimates for the Mean – Example
LO9-2
Confidence Interval Estimates for the Mean – Example

21. LO9-2
When to Use the z or t Distribution for Confidence Interval Computation

22. LO9-2
When to Use the z or t Distribution for Confidence Interval Computation
Use Z-distribution,
If the population standard deviation is known.
Use t-distribution,
If the population standard deviation is unknown. .

23. Selecting an Appropriate Sample Size
LO9-4 Calculate the required sample size to estimate a population proportion or population mean.
Selecting an Appropriate Sample Size
There are 3 factors that determine the size of a sample, none of which has any direct relationship to the size of the population:
The level of confidence desired
The margin of error the researcher will tolerate
The variation in the population being studied

24. LO9-4
Selecting an Appropriate Sample Size: What if the Population Standard Deviation is not Known?
Conduct a pilot study
Use a comparable study
Use a range-based approach

25. Sample Size for Estimating the Population Mean
LO9-4
Sample Size for Estimating the Population Mean

26. Sample Size for Estimating Population Mean – Example 1
LO9-4
Sample Size for Estimating Population Mean – Example 1
A student in public administration wants to determine the mean amount members of city councils in large cities earn per month. She would like to estimate the mean with a 95% confidence interval and a margin of error of less than $100. The student found a report by the Department of Labor that estimated the standard deviation to be $1,000. What is the required sample size?
Given in the problem:
E, the maximum allowable error, is $100,
The value of z for a 95 percent level of confidence is 1.96,
The estimate of the standard deviation is $1,000.

27. Sample Size for Estimating Population Mean – Example 2
LO9-4
Sample Size for Estimating Population Mean – Example 2
A consumer group would like to estimate the mean monthly electricity charge for a single family house in July within $5 using a 99 percent level of confidence. Based on similar studies, the standard deviation is estimated to be $ How large of a sample is required?