2. The Protestant Reformation (1450-1565)

3. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Revolution in religious thought & practice  Challenged established authority & secured triumph of secular power  Contributed to centuries of violent conflict  Shaped identities & changed map of Europe  Contributed to ascendancy of individualism

4. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Continuing crisis of the Church  Growing popular dissatisfaction  too much emphasis on ritual  increasing secularization  wealth, corruption, abuse Caricature of Pope Alexander VI

5. The printing press The development of printing took a dramatic step forward thanks to Johan Gutenberg, a Goldsmith working in Mainz, Germany, in the middle of the 15th century. His revolutionary idea was to use metal to make individual pieces of type. This moveable and re-useable type enabled printing to become a cheaper alternative to making books by hand Once the printing had been finished, the type could be broken up and re-used to print another book. 4

6. Print Before Gutenberg there were very few books. The books that did exist were mostly written in Latin and owned by the Church and the very rich. Books has to be written out individually by monks which took a long time and kept the price high. News had to be announced in church by Priests. Limited access to information allowed church to control the masses Without access to books, most of the population were unable to read or write. There were very few schools and the ones that did exist were only for the rich. 5

7. Print Gutenberg’s invention produced what is regarded as a landmark in the history of printing, and of western civilisation. An edition of the Bible in Latin, known as the Gutenberg Bible was made at his workshop in Mainz between 1453 and 1455. It consists of over 1,300 large pages. We know that 180 were offered for sale. 48 copies survive today, about 20 of them are complete. The book was printed with two-colours, black and red, and was produced to an exceptionally high standard. 6

8. The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible. This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

9. 8Creative Media Production 2011

10. Print The Spread of Print By 1471 printing had spread to other cities in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain and France. By 1480 it had spread to many other cities in Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, and France and also to Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Holland, Belgium and England. By 1500 printing had spread to almost every part of Europe, including Portugal, Denmark, Austria, and Sweden.

11. 100 Years War and Black Death Scientific Advances which contradicted the Church The Corruption within the Catholic Church

12. The Selling of Indulgences Jorge Breu, 1530 “A Question to a Mintmaker” Depiction of Selling Indulgences Prior to 1517, the Catholic Church had been “selling indulgences.” Indulgences allowed people to “buy their way into heaven.” Given the right amount of money, the Church would forgive a person’s sins.

13. Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

14.  In the end the reformers, like Luther, established their own religions  The Reformation caused a split in Christianity with the formation of these new Protestant religions

15. Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk— Lightening in a tower or on a road

16. He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort In the Bible he found the answer for which he was looking

17. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)  “Justification by Faith Alone”  good works = evidence of grace, not cause  selling indulgences - 1517  JOHANNES TETZEL  authorized by Pope

18. “ The righteous shall by his faith.” Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

19.  Ninety-Five Theses (1517) condemned selling of indulgences only inner grace & faith guaranteed salvation Luther nails Ninety-Five Theses to Wittenburg Castle, Oct. 31, 1517 denied papal authority over faith

20. Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany Gained support from people and criticism from Church

21. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION and MARTIN LUTHER Revised Christian doctrine clergy no different than rest of believers --rejected belief in purgatory --called for end of monasteries The balance: The Church v. the Bible --reduced 7 sacraments to 2: baptism & communion

22. The Diet of Worms 1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his beliefs Luther burned the order and was excommunicated Luther went into hiding where he translated the New Testament into German – spreading his beliefs even further

23. He was the Pope during the height of the controversy

25. “I am fed up with the world, and it with me. I am like a ripe stool, and the world is like a gigantic anus, and so we’re about to let go of each other.” -Luther

26. Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas Lutheranism was formed Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

27. “May little chickens dig out your eyes 100,000 times.” - Calvin speaking to another reformer whose ideas he disagreed with

28. Anti-Catholic Influenced by Martin Luther Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.” Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland

29. Calvin believed in: Salvation through Predestination At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell

30. Foreknowledge God knows everything that will happen in your life Purified approach to life: No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

31. Started in Switzerland – Calvinists England = Puritans Scotland = Presbyterians Holland = Dutch Reform France = Huguenots Germany = Reform Church

32. Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian