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WORLD WAR I War to End All Wars
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The Great War Over 20 million killed Total War The War to End All Wars
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The Background Great Britain- Queen Victoria 1837- 1901—stability, nationalism Revolutions of 1848: France, Germany, Italy, & central Europe- seeking more rights & removal of the “old order”
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Crimean War 1853 Ottoman empire is declining in power Russians want Crimean territory on the Black Sea for access to Med. Sea & TRADE & NAVAL Power! Russia invades Crimean territory France & Britain help Ottomans Russia looses, hates Austria for not helping them & worry they are falling behind the rest of Europe.
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Crimean Territory
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Instability & Unrest in Russia Humiliated by defeat Tsar Alexander I makes reforms (changes) Emancipates (free) the Surfs Makes land reforms Begins to industrialize Nationalism grows!
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More Background… 1861: Garibaldi unites Italy pushing out Austrian rule Italians gain Rome after Franco- Prussian war
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Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italy
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Otto Von Bismark & German Unification 1849- Germany = small states under various rulers
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German states 1700s – 1800s
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German Unficiation & Bismark King William I of Prussia expanding military, needs taxes, legis. Says “no”, hires new Prime Minister… Otto Von Bismark- ignored legislature & focused on increasing Prussian Power/territory & influencing German states
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Franco-Prussian War: 1870 Disagree over candidate for Spain’s throne Bismark manipulates situation to create tension w/ France Results: Napoleon III captured, France pays 5 billion francs to Prussia + gives up Alsace & Lorraine territory = France Leads to Unification!
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Germany Unites!1871 William I of Prussia crowned 1 st “Kaiser” or Emperor of Germany Prussian tradition of military lives on! By 1890- Kaiser Wilhelm II in power, Bismarck forced to resign
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Austrian Empire mid 1800s – 1900s Major problem: to many different ethnic groups under 1 rule/crown
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Causes of WWI Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliance system
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Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 Napoleon III Treaty of Versailles 1871 Alsace-Lorraine Second Reich Kaiser Wilhelm I Chancellor Bismarck
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Alliances: Bismarck’s fears War on Two Fronts Dual Alliance: Germany & Austria 1882 Triple Alliance Russian Accords Britain
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1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I, Frederick Wilhelm I, Wilhelm II Fires Bismarck in 1890
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The Alliances Two alliances- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria- Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente: G.B, Russia, France Powder Keg
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Crisis 1894 Dreyfus Affair Moroccan Crisis 1905 and 1911 Balkans War 1909-11
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Crisis in the Balkans “Sick man of Europe” Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina Austria-Hungary- Franz Joseph Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie June 28, 1914
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The Black Hand What was it? Who is Gavrilo Princip?
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The Worst Wrong Turn Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie June 28, 1914
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The Spark June 28, 1914 Sarajevo Emperor Franz Joseph Austrian Ultimatum July28, 1914 Austria declares war
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Tensions rising Willy/Nicky letters Mobilisation Schleff
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Britain Enters August 4, 1914 Belgium BEF The US?
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The First Battle of the Marne What stops the Germans? Taxicab Army Sept 1914
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1914 -1915 1914: Sept. stalemate on Western front begins @ battle of the Marne August: Tannenberg, Germ. East front,: Russian defeat BUT helped BEF & Fr @ the Marne by German need to move troops to East 1915: Zeppelin raids on London German blockade of Britian (U-boats) April: Battle of Ypres, Belgium- chlorine gas used April – Dec. Gallipoli landing in Turkey costs Allies big time!
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1915: U.S. remains neutral May 7: Germans sink Lusitania Italians switch sides! Western front stalemate = trench warfare
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Western Front New Weapons- Stalemate War of attrition Trench Warfare- “No Man’s Land”
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Trench warfare 500 miles Switzerland to the North Sea Conditions in the Trenches Rats…millions of them Over the top
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The Commanders France- Joffre, Petain, Foch Britain-Haig Germany- Hindenberg and Ludendorff
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The Middle East Lawrence of Arabia Gallipoli- 1915- Winston Churchill
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The Atlantic U-boats Unrestricted Submarine warfare Lusitania
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US Enters the War 1917 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Policy The Lusitania March Zimmerman Note
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April 1917: U.S. Declares War Total War: boosts econ. (see questions 11 – 13) Bonds: Propaganda:
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Russia drops Out Nov 1917 Communist Revolution Lenin Brest-Litovsk Treaty
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Turning points: July– Nov. 1917: 3 rd Ypres (Passchendaele) Allowed Allies an adv. to attack Germ. Occupied Belgian ports— deaths: disputed but massive!! July – Aug. 1918: 2 nd Marne- last maj. German offensive; Allied Vic. Head for Germany
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Nov. 1918 9 th : Defeated- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates throne 11 th @ 11:00: Germany surrenders
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Peace settlements: Treaty of Versailles Wilson’s 14 points include: reduce arms, ensure “self-determination”, & a “general association of nations” = League of Nations G.B.’s David Lloyd George wanted to make Germany pay France’s Clemenceau: security & revenge The Guilt Clause: art. 231 war reparations
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Peace continued: De-militarized Rhineland Alsace & Loraine to France New Nations Western nations in Mid-East Fr. Over Lebanon & Syria G.B. over Iraq & Palestine
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New Maps Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon
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Results Set up for the rise of Hitler Set up World War II 20 million killed
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