1. WORLD WAR I War to End All Wars

2. The Great War Over 20 million killed Total War The War to End All Wars

3. The Background Great Britain- Queen Victoria 1837- 1901—stability, nationalism Revolutions of 1848: France, Germany, Italy, & central Europe- seeking more rights & removal of the “old order”

4. Crimean War 1853 Ottoman empire is declining in power Russians want Crimean territory on the Black Sea for access to Med. Sea & TRADE & NAVAL Power! Russia invades Crimean territory France & Britain help Ottomans Russia looses, hates Austria for not helping them & worry they are falling behind the rest of Europe.

5. Crimean Territory

6. Instability & Unrest in Russia Humiliated by defeat Tsar Alexander I makes reforms (changes) Emancipates (free) the Surfs Makes land reforms Begins to industrialize Nationalism grows!

7. More Background… 1861: Garibaldi unites Italy pushing out Austrian rule Italians gain Rome after Franco- Prussian war

8. Giuseppe Garibaldi- Italy

9. Otto Von Bismark & German Unification 1849- Germany = small states under various rulers

10. German states 1700s – 1800s

11. German Unficiation & Bismark King William I of Prussia expanding military, needs taxes, legis. Says “no”, hires new Prime Minister… Otto Von Bismark- ignored legislature & focused on increasing Prussian Power/territory & influencing German states

13. Franco-Prussian War: 1870 Disagree over candidate for Spain’s throne Bismark manipulates situation to create tension w/ France Results: Napoleon III captured, France pays 5 billion francs to Prussia + gives up Alsace & Lorraine territory = France  Leads to Unification!

14. Germany Unites!1871 William I of Prussia crowned 1 st “Kaiser” or Emperor of Germany Prussian tradition of military lives on! By 1890- Kaiser Wilhelm II in power, Bismarck forced to resign

15. Austrian Empire mid 1800s – 1900s Major problem: to many different ethnic groups under 1 rule/crown

16. Causes of WWI Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliance system

22. Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 Napoleon III Treaty of Versailles 1871 Alsace-Lorraine Second Reich Kaiser Wilhelm I Chancellor Bismarck

25. Alliances: Bismarck’s fears War on Two Fronts Dual Alliance: Germany & Austria 1882 Triple Alliance Russian Accords Britain

27. 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I, Frederick Wilhelm I, Wilhelm II Fires Bismarck in 1890

29. The Alliances Two alliances- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria- Hungary, & Italy Triple Entente: G.B, Russia, France Powder Keg

30. Crisis 1894 Dreyfus Affair Moroccan Crisis 1905 and 1911 Balkans War 1909-11

32. Crisis in the Balkans “Sick man of Europe” Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina Austria-Hungary- Franz Joseph Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie June 28, 1914

37. The Black Hand What was it? Who is Gavrilo Princip?

39. The Worst Wrong Turn Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie June 28, 1914

42. The Spark June 28, 1914 Sarajevo Emperor Franz Joseph Austrian Ultimatum July28, 1914 Austria declares war

45. Tensions rising Willy/Nicky letters Mobilisation Schleff

47. Britain Enters August 4, 1914 Belgium BEF The US?

48. The First Battle of the Marne What stops the Germans? Taxicab Army Sept 1914

51. 1914 -1915 1914: Sept. stalemate on Western front begins @ battle of the Marne August: Tannenberg, Germ. East front,: Russian defeat BUT helped BEF & Fr @ the Marne by German need to move troops to East 1915: Zeppelin raids on London German blockade of Britian (U-boats) April: Battle of Ypres, Belgium- chlorine gas used April – Dec. Gallipoli landing in Turkey costs Allies big time!

52. 1915: U.S. remains neutral May 7: Germans sink Lusitania Italians switch sides! Western front stalemate = trench warfare

53. Western Front New Weapons- Stalemate War of attrition Trench Warfare- “No Man’s Land”

54. Trench warfare 500 miles Switzerland to the North Sea Conditions in the Trenches Rats…millions of them Over the top

76. The Commanders France- Joffre, Petain, Foch Britain-Haig Germany- Hindenberg and Ludendorff

80. The Middle East Lawrence of Arabia Gallipoli- 1915- Winston Churchill

85. The Atlantic U-boats Unrestricted Submarine warfare Lusitania

89. US Enters the War 1917 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Policy The Lusitania March Zimmerman Note

92. April 1917: U.S. Declares War Total War: boosts econ. (see questions 11 – 13) Bonds: Propaganda:

98. Russia drops Out Nov 1917 Communist Revolution Lenin Brest-Litovsk Treaty

100. Turning points: July– Nov. 1917: 3 rd Ypres (Passchendaele) Allowed Allies an adv. to attack Germ. Occupied Belgian ports— deaths: disputed but massive!! July – Aug. 1918: 2 nd Marne- last maj. German offensive; Allied Vic. Head for Germany

102. Nov. 1918 9 th : Defeated- Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates throne 11 th @ 11:00: Germany surrenders

104. Peace settlements: Treaty of Versailles Wilson’s 14 points include: reduce arms, ensure “self-determination”, & a “general association of nations” = League of Nations G.B.’s David Lloyd George wanted to make Germany pay France’s Clemenceau: security & revenge The Guilt Clause: art. 231 war reparations

105. Peace continued: De-militarized Rhineland Alsace & Loraine to France New Nations Western nations in Mid-East Fr. Over Lebanon & Syria G.B. over Iraq & Palestine

106. New Maps Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Palestine, Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon

108. Results Set up for the rise of Hitler Set up World War II 20 million killed