1. The Reformation Hopefully faster than the Renaissance

2. Set-up for Reformation Major Causes: – Criticisms of the Catholic Church Corrupt leadership Illiterate Clergy – Early Calls for Reform John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia – The Printing Press – Increasing autonomy of German Princes

3. Martin Luther Challenges the Church Ninety-Five Theses (1517) – Indulgences – way to buy your way into Heaven – Luther wanted to debate corruption with other scholars in the area – A printer in Wittenberg copied these theses and started selling them Luther’s Teachings – Wanted reforms in the Church: Salvation gained by faith All teachings based on Bible Priests were unnecessary

4. Response to Luther 1520 - Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther A Prince’s Defiance – Charles V did not approve of Luther’s teachings Edict of Worms labeled Luther a heretic – Fredrick the Wise of Saxony disobeyed Charles V Hid Luther in a castle Luther came out of hiding in 1522 and headed back to Wittenberg to find his ideas in practice

5. The Peasant’s Revolt – In 1525, German town leaders banded together to protest the control exercised by Charles V – Turn to Luther for inspiration – Luther tells the leadership of the Holy Roman Empire to stop the peasants at any cost – The armies of the princes crush the revolt, killing up to 100,000 people

6. Holy Roman Empire at War – Lutheran princes sign an agreement to show their solidarity and promise aid in case the emperor attacked Became known as Protestants – Leads to a war – Peace of Augsburg (1555) Establishes “cuius regio, eius religio” (Whose realm, his religion)

7. But this thing keeps going… Huldrych Zwingli – Catholic priest in Zurich who in 1520 openly attacked abuses in the Catholic Church – Wanted the people to have a bit more control in the Church – Hated Martin Luther

8. John Calvin – Predestination – God already chose a very limited number of people to save – Theocracy – a government controlled by religious leaders Put this in place in Geneva, Switzerland in the 1540s – Calvinism spreads Presbyterians when Calvinism was taken to Scotland by John Knox in 1559 France – Huguenots

9. England Goes Protestant Henry VIII really wants a son – Afraid the country would be torn apart without a son Wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon – When the Pope refused in 1529, Henry called Parliament Passed laws that ended the pope’s power in England – Act of Supremacy 1534 – made Henry’s divorce legal and made him the head of the Church of England

10. Other relationships – Anne Boleyn only gave Henry Elizabeth – Married Jane Seymour Henry died in 1547 – All his children ran the country at one point creating religious and political turmoil Edward, ruled for six years – Protestant Mary Tudor, ruled until 1558 – Catholic Elizabeth I - Protestant

11. Elizabeth I in England Devout Protestant, Parliament set up the Anglican Church for her in 1559 – This was the only legal church in England – Balanced between Catholic and Protestants practices – Managed to bring relative peace

12. Other Reformers The Anabaptists – Only baptized people who chose to be Christian – Baptized s children should be re-baptized as adults – Church and state separate – Most were pacifists

13. The Catholic Answer Paul III – Investigated indulgence selling – Approved the Jesuit order (1540) – Inquisition – Council of Trent (1534- 1549) Christians needed faith and good works to get to Heaven The Bible and Church tradition were equally important Indulgences were valid expressions of faith Priests had to be educated

14. Ignatius of Loyola – Founder of the Society of Jesus Members are the Jesuits – Wrote Spiritual Exercises – Founded schools across Europe – Went East as missionaries

15. The Legacy of Reformation Religious and Social Effects – Protestant churches flourished despite the danger – The Roman Catholic Church became more unified because of the events of the Reformation – The importance of education was pushed by both Protestants and Catholics Political Effects – Gain of power by individual princes and other monarch (Henry VIII, Elizabeth) – Furthering of the rights of people within the country The peasant’s revolt resulted in the peasants gaining some of the rights they had argued for