1. SESSION 6 – COMMUNITIES OF METHOD Copyright 2011 Phil Heywood

2. Outline of Session 1. Players in Community Planning Process 2. The Activities to be planned & coordinated 3. The Planning Process & its 4 stages Awareness & Reasons Understanding & Knowledge 4. BUZZ PAIRS: PLANNING SYSTEMS & THEIR INTERACTIONS Option & Evaluation Outcome & Actions 5. Conclusions.

3. Place in the Community Planning Process Afte r Scope, Scales, Challenges of Change, Themes & Values & before Spaces, Governance, Indicators, Applications and Future Directions

4. The Range of Activities Involved Work - Economic Planners Shelter –Housing & Land use Planners Settlements- Urban & Regional Planners Play- Recreation Planners Natural Resources- Environmental Planners Play- Recreational & Parks Planners Access- Transport Planners Learning- Educational Planners Health - Health System Planners

5. Players in the Process 1. Communities -the People Involved 2. Politicians - the Decision Takers 3. Planners & Providers -the Change Agents

6. Relations Between Players POLITICIAN PUBLIC PROFESSIONAL/ PLANNER URBAN POLICY COMMUNITY PROGRAMS Ward Office Contact Community Advisory Committees Ad Hoc Meetings Elections Media Committees Reports Advisory Committees Briefings Informal contact (Corridors) Communities Goals Priorities Preferences Problems Ideas Information Evaluation Analysis Surveys Liaison Community Working Groups Media Committees Workshops Newsletters Meetings Consultation Kits

7. Need for a Common Vocabulary 1.Community Planning involves many different practitioners, each with their own expertise and vocabulary 2.This can seem like jargon to outsiders (think of UGBs & TODs)! If people don’t understand each other, they can’t cooperate. But they have to, to achieve development & settlements that work for all. Therefore good communications are essential 3.The first step in communication is recognizing what others are talking about. 4.T he second is recognizing why they regard it as important. 5.The next stage is agreeing how it will be achieved 6.All require a common vocabulary & methods based on human hopes & community objectives.

8. Need for a Common Process 1. Once communication has been established, practitioners in different fields will need a parallel and related work process to achieve integrated and effective action. 2. The 4 phase, 10 stage, process which follows is well suited to planning quite different systems. Reduced to these 4 basic phases, it becomes suitable for practitioners from non-planning backgrounds, or working under the pressure of short deadlines. 3. If people start with these 4 simple phases, they will be drawn in appropriate situations, into each of the component activities of the individual stages.

9. The Four Phases 1. AWARENESS : Facts & Values (WHY?) 2. UNDERSTANDING : Information & analysis (WHAT?) 3. OPTIONS & EVALUATIONS: Ideas & Argument (WHICH?) 4. OUTCOMES & ACTIONS: Proposals & Implementation (HOW?)

10. Simplified Four Stage Community Planning Process POLITICAL PARTICIPATION COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AWARENESS Sensations, responses & ideas 1. Appraisal of Problems & Prospects 2. Aims & Objectives Collecting & Interpreting 3. Information Collection Analysis & Projection 4. Resource Analysis OPTIONS & EVALUATION Synthesis 5. Action Research 6. Policies & Alternative Strategies 7. Evaluation OUTCOMES Proposals 8. Costed & Phased Proposals 9. Implementation Schemes 10. Monitoring & Review of new problems UNDERSTANDING

11. Awareness & Reasons The force of ideas in shaping an environment: - A Seattle artist’s view of where the form of the city centre came from.

12. Awareness 1.Appraisal (observation of people, spaces & ideas) - Qualities of community, places and problems 2.Objectives (set aims to reflect concerns) - Achievable and verifiable outcomes

13. Understanding & Knowledge - Analysis Technique Topics 1. Access & Transport - Including, road, rail, water, cycle, foot modes and InfoTech channels; journey to work patterns, trends and problems 2. Community & Culture - including social characteristics & social & human capital 3. Governance & Administration - including representative government, public participation, public corporations, public private partnerships & community organization 4. Economy, Employment & Training - including analysis of existing industrial structure, economic base, and cluster, employment and skills characteristics

14. Understanding & Knowledge - Analysis Technique Topics 5. Environment & Natural Resources - including land, water, air & habitat, quality and policy, resource management & open space systems 6. Housing Policy and Provision - including household forecasts, land demand and supply, and neighborhood design 7. Human Development & Services - including social characteristics, social services & facilities of health & education 8. Land Uses, Settlement Form & Urban Design - including central places, scale and grain

15. Each member think of a planning program for one or more significant human activity  Land use Transport Work Play  Health  Education  Water Discuss its implications for the planning of other physical or social systems

16. 3. Options & Evaluation Thinking about Values and Feelings & reaching conclusions ( Rodin’s The Thinker)

17. Outcomes: Leonardo da Vinci’s 15 th Century Hang Glider A Prophetic Option

18. Imagination: Producing Proposals to Meet Objectives The London Plan of 2003-4: reversing 500 years of western corridor Development to reclaim old Thames Docklands & London’s East End.

19. Methods for Developing Options & Evaluations 1. Plan Development - Options Multiple Criteria Method (Alexander’s Synthesis of Form ) Strategic Choice (AIDA – Analysis of Inter Connected Decision Areas) 2.Evaluation Cost Effectiveness Threshold Analysis Cost Benefit Analysis Planning Balance Sheet Ends - Means Analysis 3.Proposal Development Review, Response & Recombination

20. Outcomes & Actions: Implementation & Impacts 1. Implementation & Indicators Costed Social & Physical Infrastructure Plans Performance Indicators based on objectives & policies 2. Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Social Impact Assessment (SIA) Review of Unintended Consequences (Risk Assessments) 3. Monitoring & Re-Appraisal Outcomes of Performance Indicators o Policy Performance Indicators o General Social, Economic & Environmental well being indicators Reappraisal of situations, problems and objectives

21. Implementation Program Example South East Queensland Water Plan 2009 – Proposed Sources of Supply

22. 1. Communities of method can develop the necessary understanding among practitioners in different activities at different levels and in different sectors if they share a common vocabulary and methods:  Planning concerns for living, work, play, moving, environment, culture, and association all affect each other very significantly  National, regional, urban & local levels are all necessary to each other  Political, professional & community roles are all inter-dependent 2. Values based methods can link people of different backgrounds, interests and responsibilities in conversations about common hopes, fears and goals, and are therefore ideally suited to community dialogue and planning. 3. A coordinated basis in human values and community objectives based on aims, information, options and choices, makes evaluation and agreement about proposals and priorities easier to achieve