1. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 G107 Summary Part I Draft draft draft

2. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Introduction  Geography is the study of the distributions (locations) and interrelationships of Earth phenomena (causes and consequences)… Geography is the study of the Earth (space, spatial location,and theme being studied)  Geography is divided into Physical and Historical

3. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Physical Geography  Deals with locational aspect of natural materials  It involves weather, climate, landforms and water bodies, vegetation, and soils  Two questions are important in physical geography- Where (location) and Why (process)

4. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Map  A 2-D representation of three dimensional surface features  Small scale map covers large area  Large scale map covers small area  Three ways to represent scales in a map –Written or verbal –Representative fraction (RF) –Graphic

5. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Scientific Methods  Five general steps  Problem or Questions  Hypothesis  Collection of data  Testing of hypothesis  Theory –Theories can be modified or discarded  Law- usually cannot be falsified

6. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Fundamental Themes in Geography  Location  Place  Regions  Movement  Human and the environment

7. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Proof for the Sphericity of Earth  Travel in a given direction  See curvature  Sailing Boat  Use of three sticks  Higher you are, the more area you see  Eclipse  Satellite pictures  Gravity data

8. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Size of Earth  Earth is oblate spheroid so the polar diameter is different from equatorial diameter  Polar diameter is 12,714 km (7900 mi)  Equatorial diameter is 12,757 km (7927 mi)  Polar circumference is 40,008 km (24,860 mi)  Equatorial circumference is 40,075 km (24,902 mi)

9. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Movement of Earth  Rotation and Revolution  Rotation- earth rotates west to east and when looked on from the north pole is counter clockwise or from the south pole – clockwise  Rotation occurs around an imaginary line- AXIS that has 23.5 degrees tilt

10. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Consequences of Earth’s Rotation  Daily or diurnal rhythm phenomena  Light, heat, humidity, air motion, and  DAY & NIGHT  Coriolis effect  Tides and shape of the Earth

11. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Time Zones  Takes the earth 24 hours to make one complete rotation (inscribing 360 degrees)  Takes the earth 1 hour to cover every 15 degrees, so can divide the world into 24 time zones  N. America has 7 time zones, USA has 6 and the 48 contiguous states have four time zones.  International Dateline follows approximately Longitude 180.. What happens when you cross the dateline?

12. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Seasons  Why 4 seasons in Ft. Wayne?  Tilted axis, Fixed axis, Rotation, and Revolution  The four seasons

13. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Imaginary lines  Longitude and Latitudes are imaginary lines needed to locate oneself in a map  Lines of Longitude run north –south –All lines of longitudes are Great Circles and the reference line Prime Meridian or Greenwich Meridian –Longitudes are measured east or west of the reference line –The distance between two adjacent lines of longitude is 111 km at the equator, 96 km at 30; 56 at 60 and o at 90

14. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Imaginary lines  Longitude and Latitudes are imaginary lines needed to locate oneself in a map  Latitudes run east – west –Equator is the reference line and they are measured north or south of the reference line –Latitudes are also known as lines of parallel. –Only the Equator is a Great Circle –The distance between two adjacent lines of latitude is 111 km.

15. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Material Realms or Spheres  Lithosphere  Biosphere  Hydrosphere  Atmosphere

16. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Atmosphere  Envelope of air around the Earth  Atmosphere can be classified using composition, function or temperature  Make-up of the atmosphere –Variable –CO 2, H 2 O, O 3, H –Non variable gases N (78%), O (21%), Ar (0.9%) & Ne (0.002%)  Classification of the Atmosphere using temperature –Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, & Thermosphere

17. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Ozone  Importance of Ozone  Removes harmful UV radiation  When not present –Can lead to increase in skin cancer –Decrease in crop yield –Kills certain aquatic life forms

18. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Global Energy  Flow of energy from the sun is fairly constant  Radiation from the sun is made up of different wavelengths –Divided into 3 regions- UV, Visible,and IR Visible range is between 0.4 um and 0.7 um  Sun’s spectrum is short wave length compared to the earth’s spectrum

19. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Albedo & Others  The % of energy reflected from a surface  A good reflector has high albedo  Greatest energy lost occurs as radiation passes through the clouds  Temperature and heat energy  How is heat transferred?

20. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Heat Transfer  Conduction- requires solid  Advection- requires gas or liquid  Convection- requires gas or liquid  Radiation- requires no medium

21. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Temperature  Fahrenheit  Centigrade  Kelvin

22. Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001 Possible questions?  Map scales, latitudes and radiation, heat transfer, time zones, atmospheric layers, ozone, great circles, mountain slope- which will receive more radiation, albedo, heat trapping ability, shape of earth, meridian, equator, wavelength, electromagnetic, planets, dateline, reduction of solar radiation, visible range, theories, distance between latitudes and longitudes, nitrogen, oxygen, Antarctic circle, etc.