1. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Civil-Military Relations: Concepts and Issues

2. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Why Study Civil-Military Relations Theory? Understand the military's role in society, and help the military live up to that role Reinforce military values and military professionalism Help civilians live up to their social responsibilities

3. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces What is Civil-Military Relations Theory About? Normative theory – How should militaries relate to civilians and civilian leadership? What is the proper role of the military? Empirical theory – How do militaries relate to civilians? Can we predict when civilian-military friction will happen?

4. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces The Domestic CMR Landscape: Institutions and Stakeholders

5. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces The Domestic CMR Landscape: Institutions and Stakeholders President (Chief Executive) Parliament (including Select Committees) Ministry of Defence Civil Society Organizations Media Corporations Police Private security companies

6. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces The International CMR Landscape: Institutions and Stakeholders Intergovernmental organizations (e.g., ECOWAS, UN) Other militaries (and their civilian stakeholders) Non-governmental organizations International media International legal bodies (e.g., ICC) Civilians in AoO

7. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces The CMR Landscape: Legal Frameworks Ghana constitution Armed Forces Act (Act 105) Security and Intelligence Agencies Act (Act 526) ECOWAS Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance Constitutive Act of the African Union International Humanitarian Law (IHL), Law of Armed Conflict (LoAC), and Human Rights Law

8. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Major CMR Theories Separation – civilians and military operate in separate “spheres,” and have different values Convergence/concordance – military and civilians are part of same society, work best together when they agree on values Post-modern – military is no longer an “institution,” members of military have many social identities at once

9. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Normative CMR “Coups are bad.” Is that all? Militaries must advise on security policy – what are the limits? Civilian control vs. civil control – who should be the military's masters? Can the military defend both the democratic state and democratic values?

10. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Military Values and Civilian Values What are military values? Are there specific “military values” in our time? How are they different from and similar to civilian values? What military values support democracy? Which ones may be at odds with it? Are the values of the GAF affected by Ghana's place in the world?

11. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Helping Civilians Civilian oversight can be hard! Understanding and bridging with civilian values – military have been civilians, but not always vice versa Assisting with technical knowledge – limits of advice?

12. 21 November, 2011 Presentation by Daniel H. Levine to the Ghana Armed Forces Questions/Comments Photo Credits: Header/Slide 5: Government of Ghana Slide 1: US Army Africa (Creative Commons) Slide 6: Chris Herwig/United Nations Slide 9: Wikimedia Commons