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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
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Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 Themes of Biology
Biology and You
Table of Contents
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Section 3 Scientific Processes

4. Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Objectives
Relate the seven properties of life to a living organism.
Describe seven themes that can help you organize what you learn about biology.
Identify the tiny structures that make up all living organisms.
Differentiate between reproduction and heredity and between metabolism and homeostasis.

5. Characteristics of Living Organisms
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Biology is the study of _____.
All living organisms share certain general properties that separate them from nonliving things.
Properties of Life
Cellular organization
Reproduction
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Responsiveness
Growth and development

6. Characteristics of Living Organisms, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Characteristics of Living Organisms, continued
________ organization - every living thing is composed of one or more cells
____________ - all living things are able to reproduce
Metabolism - all obtain and use ______ to run the processes of life
Homeostasis - living organisms maintain a __________ internal environment
Heredity - living things pass ______ to _________
Responsiveness - all living things _______ and adjust to the ___________
______ and development - all living things grow and develop

7. Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Biology

8. Unifying Themes of Biology
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology
As you study biology you will repeatedly encounter the following seven themes.
Cellular Structure and Function
Reproduction
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Evolution
Interdependence

9. The Seven Properties of Life
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
The Seven Properties of Life

10. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
1. Cellular Structure and Function
Cells are highly organized, tiny structures with thin coverings called _________. All living things are made of one or more cells. A cell is the ________ ____ capable of all ____ functions.

11. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
2. Reproduction
Reproduction is the process by which organisms ____ ____ of their own kind from one __________ to the next.

12. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
3. Metabolism
Metabolism is the sum of all the ________ reactions carried out in an organism. Almost all energy used by living organisms is originally captured from ________.

13. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
4. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable ________ conditions in spite of changes in the ________ environment. An organism unable to balance its internal conditions with its environmental conditions could become ill and ___.

14. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
5. Heredity
Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. The basic unit of heredity is called a gene. Genes are _____ in a molecule called deoxyribonucleic acid (___). Genes determine an organism’s ______. A change in the DNA of a gene is called a mutation. Most mutations are ________, but some mutations can help an organism survive.

15. Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Heredity

16. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
6. Evolution
Evolution is defined as _______ in the inherited characteristics of species over generations. A species is a group of genetically similar organisms that can produce _______ offspring. Natural selection is the process in which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to _______ and _________.

17. Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Evolution

18. Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology, continued
7. Interdependence
The organisms in a biological community ____ and ________ with other organisms. Ecology is the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with the _________ part of their environment. Organisms are dependent on each other and on their environment.

19. Unifying Themes of Biology
Chapter 1
Section 1 Themes of Biology
Unifying Themes of Biology

20. Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Objectives
Evaluate the impact of scientific research on the environment.
Evaluate the impact of scientific research on society with respect to increasing food supplies.
Explain the primary task of the Human Genome Project.
Describe the contributions of scientists in fighting AIDS and cancer.
Define the term gene therapy.

21. Solving Real-World Problems
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems
Biologists are working to solve today’s problems, such as:
Preserving our environment
Improving the food supply
Understanding the human genome
Fighting disease

22. Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Preserving our environment
Conservation biologists are exploring ways to achieve a balance between people’s growing need for land and the need to preserve the environment.

23. Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Improving the food supply
Genetic engineering of crop plants has made some plants resistant to herbicides, or poisonous to insect pests, or more nutritious.

24. Climate and Environmental Change
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Climate and Environmental Change

25. Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Solving Real-World Problems, continued
Understanding the human genome
A genome is the complete genetic material contained in an individual. Government-funded and private research teams from several countries completed sequencing of the human genome.

26. Chapter 1 Fighting Disease
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease
AIDS is a fatal disease caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), a virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.
New vaccines are being tested that attack two or more parts of the HIV virus at the same time. So that while one part may mutate, it us unlikely that both parts will mutate in the same virus particle.
There is finally hope of a successful vaccine to control the outbreak of AIDS.

27. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

28. Fighting Disease, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease, continued
Cancer is a growth defect in cells, a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division.
Great progress is being made in curing many cancers. Several forms of cancer result from having too many copies of a certain protein. Anticancer drugs that stick to these extra cell proteins appear to offer great promise.

29. Fighting Disease, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease, continued
Emerging diseases
Biologists are fighting new diseases not known in the past.
Some of these diseases include West Nile virus and mad cow disease.

30. Fighting Disease, continued
Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Fighting Disease, continued
Gene Therapy is the replacement of a defective gene with a normal one. Researchers believe it is possible to use a virus to transfer a normal copy of a gene into a cell.
Researchers hoped to cure cystic fibrosis, a hereditary disease in which a thick sticky mucus clogs the body’s breathing passages. Early attempts failed because the virus used caused health problems. New attempts using a different virus are more promising.

31. Chapter 1
Section 2 Biology in Your World
Cystic Fibrosis

32. Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Objectives
Describe the stages common to scientific investigations.
Distinguish between forming a hypothesis and making a prediction.
Differentiate a control group from an experimental group and an independent variable from a dependent variable.
Define the word theory as used by a scientist.

33. Observation: The Basis of Scientific Research
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Observation: The Basis of Scientific Research
Observation is the act of noting or perceiving objects or events using the senses.
All scientists have a certain way of investigating the world.
Scientific investigations begin with observations.
Observations cause scientists to ___ _________ about their observations.

34. Stages of Scientific Investigations
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations
Scientific investigations tend to have common stages.
These stages are called the __________ ______.
There is more than one way to conduct an investigation.
Scientific Methods or Scientific Processes are more accurate terms for the stages of scientific investigation.

35. Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Scientific Processes include the following stages.
Collecting ____________
Asking _________
Forming ___________ and making ___________
Confirming predictions (with __________ when needed)
Drawing ___________

36. Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Scientific Processes

37. Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Hypothesis—an explanation that _____ be true, a statement that can be ______ by additional observations or experimentation
Prediction—the ________ outcome of a test, assuming the hypothesis is correct.

38. Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Experiment—a planned procedure to ____ a hypothesis.
Control group—a group in an experiment that receives __ ____________ treatment. The control group is necessary for comparing the results of the experiment.

39. Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Independent variable—the factor that is _______ in an experiment.
Dependent variable—the variable that is ________ in an experiment, the outcome of the dependent variable depends on what is done to the independent variable.

40. Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Drawing Conclusions
Once data are collected and analyzed, a conclusion is made as to whether the data _______ the __________.

41. Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Stages of Scientific Investigations, continued
Viewing Conclusions in Context
There is often ____ ____ ___ possible reason for a result.
All of the factors that may affect an outcome must be considered.

42. Scientific Explanations
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Scientific Explanations
Constructing a Theory
Theory a set of related hypotheses that have been ______ and _________ many times by many scientists.
A theory unites and explains a broad range of observations.
The word theory is used by the general public to mean a guess, or lack of certainty.
In science, a theory is a well-supported scientific explanation that makes useful predictions.

43. Scientific Explanations, continued
Chapter 1
Section 3 Scientific Processes
Scientific Explanations, continued
Constructing a Theory
Scientists report their results.
Scientific reports are reviewed by other scientists.
Scientific reports allow other scientists to use the information obtained in an experiment.
Scientific reports also allow other scientists to ______ and ____ experiments.

44. Chapter 1 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the chart below and your knowledge of science to answer questions 1–3.

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. According to the chart, which makes up the greatest proportion of waste?
A. paper and cardboard
B. metals containing iron
C. yard waste, glass, and plastics
D. other waste

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. According to the chart, which makes up the greatest proportion of waste?
A. paper and cardboard
B. metals containing iron
C. yard waste, glass, and plastics
D. other waste

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. If each type of solid waste were recycled, which type would have the biggest impact on conserving trees?
F. aluminum
G. glass
H. plastics
J. paper and cardboard

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. If each type of solid waste were recycled, which type would have the biggest impact on conserving trees?
F. aluminum
G. glass
H. plastics
J. paper and cardboard

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of these types of waste can easily be recycled at home?
A. glass
B. plastics
C. yard wastes
D. metals containing iron

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 1
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of these types of waste can easily be recycled at home?
A. glass
B. plastics
C. yard wastes
D. metals containing iron