2. Russia Today

3. Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States

4. Russias Time Zones

5. Topography of Russia

6. Rich Soil of the Steppes Chernozen Soil

7. Siberia Permafrost Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C 142,000,000 population. 142,000,000 population. A former gulag Soviet prison camp. A former gulag Soviet prison camp.

8. Themes in Russian History Expansion by conquest. Expansion by conquest. Need for warm-water ports. Need for warm-water ports. The necessity of a strong, central government. The necessity of a strong, central government.

9. Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

11. Early Byzantine Influences: Cyrillic Alphabet

12. Novgorod

13. The Mongols Invade Russia

14. Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) Ivan III Tearing the Great Khans Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

15. Ivan 4 the Terrible Brutal Takes title of Czar (caesar) Encourages trade Reduces power of the Boyers (nobles) Decimates anyone who he perceives as a threat.

16. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) 1st of the Romanov dynasty

17. Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Romanov Family Crest

18. The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative Most Tsars Most Tsars Russian Orthodox Church Russian Orthodox Church Military Military Boyars Boyars peasants peasants A few Tsars A few Tsars Intellectual elites Intellectual elites Merchants/businessmen Merchants/businessmen Young members of the middle class. Young members of the middle class. REFORM-MINDED LEADER DEMAGOGUE

19. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

20. Travel to West Primary concern is military technology At war most of reign with very Little expansion Impressed w/ military strength Of West

21. Westernization of Russia Start w/ nobles See notes

22. Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War

23. St Petersburg