1. 9/26 TEST FIVE NOTES

2. THE STUDENT WILL EXAMINE THE INTELLECTUAL, POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT CHANGED THE WORLD VIEW OF EUROPEANS. STANDARD 13

3. a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view. b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society.

4. 9/26 ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the Renaissance affect scientific discovery?

5. Scientific Revolution the period in Europe between 1300- 1600 was a time of great change in Europe. The Renaissance inspired the arts; inspired curiosity in many fields. began to question what had been accepted for hundreds of years.

6. The Reformation prompted followers to challenge ways of thinking about God and salvation. While these revolutions were taking place, another revolution was beginning in Europe that would change the way people would look at the physical world.

7. Copernicus- Copernicus was a Polish cleric and astronomer who had problems about the accuracy explaining the movement of the sun, moon and earth of the geocentric theory.

8. The geocentric theory stated that the earth was at the center of the universe and the planets and sun revolved around the earth. This idea came from the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4 th century.

9. After studying planetary movements for more than 25 years, Copernicus concluded that the stars, earth and other planets indeed revolved around the sun. This theory came to be known as the heliocentric theory.

10. This theory did not fully explain why planets orbited the way they did and Copernicus feared that his ideas would be rejected by scholars and clergy because they went against religious views.

11. He did not publish his ideas until 1543, the last year of his life. His book was called On the Revolutionary of the Heavenly Bodies. It did not cause a stir at first but over the next 150 years, many scientists built on what he had started.

12. Tycho Brahe A Danish astronomer; carefully recorded planet movements for many years. He produced mountains of accurate data but his followers would have to prove it mathematically

13. Galileo Galileo was an Italian scientist who built on these new theories of astronomy. built an object that would allow him to enlarge far off objects - telescope in 1609 to study the far off heavens.

14. In 1610 he published a book that recorded his findings. Some of those findings include that Jupiter had 4 moons and the sun had dark spots. He also came out and said the earth’s moon was rough and uneven which went against what Aristotle had said.

15. Aristotle said the moon was made of a pure, perfect substance. Galileo’s beliefs fell right in line with those of Copernicus.

18. 9/27 How did the Renaissance affect scientific discovery?

19. Galileo conflicts with the Church Galileo’s findings frightened both Protestant and Catholic leaders. If the church could be wrong about these findings, couldn’t people begin to question other church teachings as well? Earth Center of Universe – palm of God’s hand

20. In 1616, the Catholic church warned Galileo not to defend the findings of Copernicus. He remains silent but continues to study. In 1632 he published a book titled, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems.

21. The book presents both ideas but it was clear he supported the Copernican ideas (Heliocentric)

22. The pope is outraged by this and summons Galileo to Rome to stand trial before a court during the Inquisition. A Roman Catholic tribunal (court) for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy – most active in Spain during the 14oo’s.

23. In 1633, he stood before the court and under the threat of torture, knelt before the Cardinals and read a confession. In it, he agreed that the ideas of Copernicus were false. Galileo was never again a free man living in Florence under house arrest until his death in 1642.

24. His books and ideas continued to spread across Europe. In 1992, the Catholic church acknowledged that Galileo had been correct in his findings.

25. Kepler Kepler (German) mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. His ideas laid the foundation for Newton’s theory of universal gravitation.

26. Newton Isaac Newton was an English scientist in the mid-1600s that brought the thoughts of Kepler, Copernicus and Galileo into a single theory of motion. He studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University.

27. He was certain that all physical objects were equally affected by the same forces. His law called universal gravitation said that every object in the universe attracts every other object.

28. The Enlightenment The Enlightenment, was a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve the problems. It is also known as the Age of Reason, the movement reached its height in the mid-1700s and brought many changes to western civilization.

29. Enlightenment Thinkers/ Writers JOHN LOCKE He was an English political thinker of the 1600s. He held a more positive view of human nature. He said people could learn from their experience and improve themselves. He said people were reasonable and had the ability to govern their own affairs.

30. He criticized the absolute monarchy and favored the idea of self-government. He said all people are born equal with three natural rights. 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property

31. purpose of a government - Locke was to protect these rights. If a government does not protect these rights, the citizens have the right to overthrow it. His idea that a government’s power comes from the consent of the people is the foundation of modern democracy. His ideas helped inspire struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas.

32. Terms next week: Chapters 20 & 21 Pirate project due next Thur.

35. Mon 9/30 EQ – How did the Enlightenment change Europe?

36. Voltaire He is said to be the most brilliant and influential of the philosophers. His name was Francois Marie Arouet but used the pen name Voltaire.

37. He often used satire against his opponent which were commonly the clergy, aristocrats and the government.

38. His tongue made him enemies in the French court and was sentenced to prison twice. After his second stint in prison, he was exiled to England for two years.

39. Voltaire - Although he had many enemies, he never stopped fighting for freedom of speech, freedom of religion, tolerance, and reason. He used his quill pen as if it were a deadly weapon against the worst enemies- intolerance, prejudice, and superstition.

40. One of his most famous quotes on liberty is as follows: “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” –Voltaire

42. 2/12/13 Tue

43. EQ – How did the Enlightenment change Europe?

44. Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau was the son of a Swiss watchmaker who was passionate about individual freedom. He said that civilization corrupted the people’s natural goodness.

45. He believed that the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society- a direct democracy. Under this type of government, people agree to give up certain freedoms for the favor of common good.

46. In 1762, he wrote a book titled The Social Contract. His view of the social contract differed from that of Locke who believed it to be a contract between the people and their government. Rousseau said it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government.

47. Rousseau said it was an agreement among free individuals to create a society and a government. Locke and Rousseau agreed that legitimate government came from the consent of the governed.

48. He believed in a broader form of democracy than Locke did and argued that people were created equal and titles of nobility should be abolished. His ideas inspired many leaders of the French Revolution who overthrew the monarchy in 1789.

49. Test Three