1. Sean Nichols and Zunaira Latif BhattiDecember 2013 – PSC 783

2. Orientation

3. Current SituationCurrent Situation  Terror Attacks and Violence  2012 - 700 Deaths and 525 wounded  2012 - 270 Terror Attacks  Corruption and Organized Crime  High Poverty and Unemployment  Porous Borders / Illicit Activity  Hard-line State Policies

4. Russian PoliciesRussian Policies  Hard-Power  Counter-Terror Operations  High Value Leaders Targeting  Detention, Torture, & Kidnapping  Strategic Deterrence  Intelligence Gathering

5. Russian PoliciesRussian Policies  Soft-Power  Economic Development  Infrastructure Projects  Tourism Development  University System Access  Less emphasis on Reconciliatory Factors

6. Recommendations 1) Alter Special Operations and Security Practices  Sieging of entire areas / Large civilian casualties  Alienation of local populations  Increase the use of technology / Reduce civilian deaths 2) End Human Rights Abuses and Strategic Deterrence  Harsh interrogation, torture, and kidnapping  Violence against relatives / burning of property

7. Recommendations 3) Fight Corruption and Provide Increased Representation  Law enforcement & judicial system are corrupt  Fair, Democratic elections / Prosecution of lawbreakers 4) Increased Dialogue / Reconciliation of Religious Groups  Sufi and Salafis brought together / Stoppage of violence  End of State discrimination towards specific groups

8. Questions?