1. Periodization Early Middle Ages 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500

2. Europe in the 6 th Century

3. The Roots of Early Medieval Culture  The Classical heritage f Rome (and Greece)  The Roman Catholic Church  The culture and customs of the Germanic tribes  Referred to as the Dark Ages due to limited cultural output (relative to?)

4. The Roots of Early Medieval Culture  The fall of the western Roman Empire led to governmental and economic decentralization and cultural decline  Central governments disappear  Small kingdoms are established based on family loyalty, personal ties and local customs  Economic activity/commerce is disrupted  Urban centers are abandoned. Population shifts to countryside  Learning declines; loss of Classical Greek and Roman culture (Latin). Local languages replace  This accelerates and deepens following Carolingian rule

5. The Medieval Catholic Church  The Church filled the vacuum left from the collapse of Rome, and preserved learning and provided stability  Monasticism  Saint Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience  Provided schools for the children of the upper class. inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war  Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. Preserved knowledge  Monks = Missionaries to the barbarians  Sister Scholastica and convents for women

6. A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium

7. Illuminated Manuscripts  Text supplemented with decorated initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations (gold and silver)  Earliest manuscripts are from the period AD 400 to 600 and were primarily produced in Ireland, Constantinople and Italy

8. The Medieval Catholic Church  Pope Gregory extends power of the Catholic Church  Claims most of Europe for Christendom, regardless of Church control  Exerts/extends extensive secular control

9. Early Medieval Culture  Gaul (France)  Clovis converts to Christianity(496) and conquers much of Gaul. Establishes the Merovingian dynasty  Germanic tribes converted, Muslims fought

10. The Carolingians, 751-987  Charles “the Hammer” Martel, 700. A Frank major domo, defeats the Muslims at Battle of Tours. Key figure  His son Pepin the Short appointed King  Pepin’s son Charlemagne rules for forty seven years

11. Charlemagne: 742 to 814  Charlemagne defeats Muslims and Germanic tribes  Extends control over area larger than Byzantine Empire and converts conquered to Christianity  Establishes his palace and center of learning at Aachen. Becomes center of culture and learning  Defends Pope and made “Holy Roman Emperor” by Pope Leo III

12. Charlemagne’s Empire

13. Pope Crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

14. Carolingian Miniscule

15. Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle)  Cathedral and Palatine Chapel at Aachen  Possible Reconstruction of Charlemagne’s Palace at Aachen

16. The Carolingian Renaissance

17. The Carolingians, 751-987  Charlemagne limits the power of nobility, extends empire and fosters learning  Son Louis the Pious and grandsons fail. Divide empire

18. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843  The treaty reflects adherence to the old Frankish custom of divisible inheritance amongst a rulers sons, rather than primogeniture, inheritance by the eldest son, which would later be adopted by Frankish kingdoms

19. The Rise of Feudalism 850-950  End of Carolingian Rule  External attacks by Vikings, Magyarss, and Muslims leads to insecurity and uncertainty and to new, ever more decentralized economic and governmental systems  Social and governmental system referred to by historians as Feudalism  Seigneurialism, or Manorialism, better describes the economic arrangements within this system

20. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service

21. The Rise of Feudalism  A social system based on rights and obligations  Key concepts of lord, vassal and fief  Based on homage and oath of fealty. The lord and vassal entered a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command

22. The Medieval Manor

23. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

24. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

25. Parts of a Medieval Castle

26. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

27. Medieval Seige PBS Medieval Seige

28. Chivalry A Code of Honor and Behavior

29. The Power of the Medieval Church  The Catholic Church was the leading unifying or centralizing force in Medieval Europe  It owned or controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe and clergy played a large role in the feudal/ manorial system  Nevertheless huge conflicts occurred between secular leaders and The Church

30. Church Concepts & Conflicts  Sacraments Rites of Church offered and withheld  Canon Law Church Law  Excommunication and interdict Punishments  Tithe Donation to Church  Holy Roman Empire and Emperor (Otto, et. al.)  Lay investiture Secular appointments (banned 1075 - conflicts between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII)  Concordat of Worms  Simony  Wordly lives  Heresy