1. Authoritarian Rule REGIMES OF GOVERNANCE

2. Authoritarianism vs. Democracy A BRIEF COMPARISON Authoritarianism vs. Democracy A BRIEF COMPARISON

3. Democracy  Government is limited by constitution.  Power is exercised by elected officials who are chosen by ballot. Authoritarianism  Government seeks a total concentration of political power.  Power is held by an individual or small group (junta or group of generals). Power of Government

4. Democracy  Liberties and rights are guaranteed by a constitution.  Individualism and social contract theory for ensuring individual rights. Authoritarianism  Rights are not guaranteed in practice.  Collective interests take precedence over individual rights. Civil Liberties & Rights

5. Democracy  Elections offer a choice of candidates with differing ideas, usually in a two- or multi- party system.  Calls for free elections at regular intervals. Authoritarianism  Elections do not offer a choice.  Single party system is in effect.  Elections are usually symbolic for the ruling class to show the solidarity of the regimes. Elections

6. Democracy  Government and people are under the rule of law.  Based on formal constitutions that protect citizens’ rights.  Law is promulgated by a limited, neutral government whose legitimacy derived from a social contract. Authoritarianism  Government relies on ideology, religion, or personal charisma as a source of moral authority.  The ruling parties are the final political, legal, & moral authority. Rule of Law

7. Democracy  Orderly demonstrations are legal and protests are guaranteed by law.  Force is used only to restrain the disorderly. Authoritarianism  Force or threat of force are used frequently to keep peace.  Social stability is viewed as the central element for the legitimacy of government. Maintaining Order

8. Forms of Authoritarian Rule  Traditional authoritarian rule Royal family (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia) Personal despot (Haiti) Ruling president (Uzbekistan) Military government (Burma) Theocracy (Iran)  Communist state  Fascist state

9. Totalitarianism AAn extreme version of authoritarianism LLimited sphere for private life AA guiding ideology LLack of tolerance to pluralism in social organizations SStrong state power in mobilizing the whole population in pursuit of national goals

10. Totalitarianism & Authoritarianism TotalitarianismAuthoritarianism Charisma HighLow Role of leader Leader as functionLeader as individual Ends of power PublicPrivate Corruption LowHigh Official ideology YesNo Limited pluralism NoYes Legitimacy YesNo

11. Traditional Authoritarian Regime RRule by persons rather than by law PPolitics comes before policy TThe penetration of the state remains limited TThe rulers are concerned with protecting their positions than developing their states DDevelopments (as education, TV, Internet) are perceived as a threat by the rulers who are concerned to maintain the populations’ dependence on their patronage.

12. Authoritarianism, Totalitarianism, and Autocracy BBoth authoritarian and totalitarian rules have been excised in autocratic government AAutocratic forms of government Theocracy (Rule by religion, leader is the main religious figures) Monarchy (Rule by a single leader, typically claims Divine Right) Tyranny (Rule by an absolute dictator who is not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition) Oligarchy (Rule by a few individuals) Aristocracy (Rule by the wealthy)

13. Communist State MMonopoly of ruling parties (no opposition, state- managing elections, acting above the law, controlling the media and spying on their population). EEquality of welfare to the mass of the population EEqual and classless society CCentralized planning economy AAll ownership was transferred to the state, which was operated by the vanguard of the proletariat

14. Fascist State AAn autocratic ruler and a single party personify the state; state and nation were to become one. SStrong ideological impulse; depend on movement rather than a method of governing AAn extreme nationalism; extreme glorification of the nation, often defined by racial terms NNational socialism (extensive governmental control of the economy while retaining private production and enterprise

15.  Comparing historical trajectories to make causal inferences about macro-level structures and processes to test historical generalizations.  Also called as the Historical-Comparative Tradition, an approach that explores specific processes that explain a sequence of contingent events that occurred across time. Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, identifies three alternative routs to modernity: (1) “bourgeois revolution” to liberal democracy; (2) “revolution from above” to fascism; (3) “peasant revolution” to communism. Compares sets of countries that follow similar routes and contrasts these with sets that follow different paths. Theda Skocpol, in States and Social Revolutions, theorizes that three countries (Bourbon France, Imperial China, and Tsarist Russia) experience revolutionary crises for similar analytic reasons. She compares these instances to countries that did not experience revolutionary crises. These non-revolutionary instances act as controls. Macro-Causal Analysis

16. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy AAnalyses the rise of fascism in Germany, Italy, and Japan. FFascism was a reaction to capitalistic modernization which was shaking the old political order by bring new groups into the political nexus and adversely affecting old groups. AAnalyses the specific factors that led to the rise of fascism DDescribes the fascist system of governance, ideology, and the role of the state. EEvaluates the major strengths and weaknesses of fascism. Moore, 1966, Chapter 8