1. : The World at War

2. Differing Viewpoints “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles”
“The War to End All Wars”
“The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

3. Causes of the War

4. Alliances
By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.
The alliances made it more likely that a war would start.
Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

5. 1. The Alliance System
Triple Entente:
Triple Alliance:

6. Two Armed Camps!
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:

7. Victor Emmanuel II [It]
The Major Players:
Allied Powers:
Central Powers:
Nicholas II [Rus]
Wilhelm II [Ger]
George V [Br]
Victor Emmanuel II [It]
Enver Pasha [Turkey]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]
Franz Josef [A-H]

8. Europe in 1914

9. Imperialism
All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa.
The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

10. Militarism 1. Germany was competing with the UK to build battleships.
The British feared an attack on their Empire

11. Militarism 2.
Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies
Germany 1.3m 5.0m
France 0.73m 4.0m
Russia 0.40m 1.2m

12. 1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
2. Militarism & Arms Race
Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914 94
130
154
268
289
398
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

13. Imperialism
All the great powers were competing for colonies / territory.
The British feared Germany in Africa.
The Austrians feared Serbia / Russia in the Balkans

14. 3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

15. Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

16. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

17. The British Empire in 1914

18. Nationalism
This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence.
In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule.
Serbia’s national flag

19. 4. Aggressive Nationalism

20. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

21. The “Spark”

22. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

23. The Assassination: Sarajevo

24. The Assassin:
Gavrilo Princip

25. Who’s To Blame?

26. Who Declared War on Who? Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia
Russia Declares War on Austria Hungary
Germany Declares War on Russia
Germany Declares War on France
England Declares War on Germany and Austria Hungary

28. By the end of 1914, not only Europe was at war, but also all of Europe’s colonies in Asia, Africa and South America.

29. The Schlieffen Plan

30. German Atrocities in Belgium

31. Mobilization Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism!
It's a long way to Tipperary,
It's a long way to go;
To the sweetest girl I know!
Goodbye, Piccadilly,
Farewell, Leicester Square,
It's a long, long way to Tipperary,
But my heart's right there!

32. Recruitment Posters

33. A Young Australian Recruit

34. Recruits of the Central Powers
A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother
Austro-Hungarians

35. New French Recruits

36. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

38. Women and the War Effort

39. Financing the War

40. For Recruitment

41. Munitions Workers

42. French Women Factory Workers

43. German Women Factory Workers

44. Working in the Fields

45. A Woman Ambulance Driver

46. Red Cross Nurses

47. Women in the Army Auxiliary

48. Russian Women Soldiers

49. Spies
“Mata Hari”
Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
German Spy!

50. Posters: Wartime Propaganda

51. Australian Poster

52. American Poster

53. Financing the War

54. Propaganda Great Britain

55. Propaganda Germany

56. A Multi-Front War

57. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

58. The Great War Western Front
Germans, Austria-Hungarians vs. French, British and later Americans
Germany develops the Schlieffen Plan
Battle of the Marne (1914- German Defeat)
Trench Warfare on the Western Front

59. The Western Front

60. Trench Warfare

61. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

62. Western Front: Battles
Battle of Verdun
Ten months long
French and German armies.
Estimated 540,000 French and 430,000 German casualties
No strategic advantages were gained for either side.
Battle of Somme
English and French vs Germany
Six months of fighting
Five miles of advancement for Allies
1 million men killed

63. Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.

64. The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

65. War Is HELL !!

66. Sacrifices in War

67. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

68. The Eastern Front

69. Eastern Front Russians and Serbs vs. Germans and Austria-Hungarians
War more mobile but still a stalemate
Russia’s disadvantages
Not Industrialized
Short on Supplies
Russia’s advantage
People

70. Eastern Front: Battles
Battle of Tannenberg:
August First major eastern battle.
Russia was badly defeated and pushed back.
Russia lost millions of men against Germany, undersupplied, under gunned

71. Other Fronts Japan, Australia, India join Allies
Ottoman Turks, Bulgaria join Central Powers
Gallipoli Campaign in the Ottoman Empire
Battles occur in Africa and Asia for Colonial Possessions

72. The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

73. Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

74. T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18

75. T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-19

76. Russia Exits the War In March 1917, Nicholas II abdicates his throne,
the Russian Duma continues to fight.
In October 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks take command: The Soviet Union is created.
March 1918: Soviets and Germans sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending the war in the East.

77. The Tsar with General Brusilov

78. US claims Neutrality I didn’t raise my boy to be a soldier
I brought him up to be my pride and joy
Who dares to place a musket on his shoulder,
To shoot some other mother’s darling boy?

79. The “Colonial” Fronts

80. Sikh British Soldiers in India

81. Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]
British Sikh Mountain Gunners

82. 3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

83. Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

84. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

85. The Machine Gun New Technology Guns
It was used by both sides, hundreds of rounds a minute could be shot by one person.

87. Technology: Chemical Weapons
WWI was the first major war to use chemical weapons
Mustard Gas and Chlorine Gas were the two most popular weapons: They caused suffocation, blindness, and death

88. Soldiers would protect themselves using Gas Masks

90. French Renault Tank

91. Technology: Tanks

92. British Tank at Ypres

93. Technology: The U-boat (Submarine)
Germany’s secret weapon during the war
Sank dozens of British ships, controlled the oceans.

94. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

95. U-Boats

96. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

97. Why would the British think the U-boat was breaking the rules of War ?

98. Technology: Airpower
Both sides used aircraft for observation, limited bombing, and air battles
Airplanes were slow, clumsy, and unreliable,
The most famous German pilot was Baron von Richthofen (The Red Baron)

99. “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

100. The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
Francesco Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.
Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”]
Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr.
Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

101. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

102. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

103. The Zeppelin

104. America Joins the Allies

105. The Sinking of the Lusitania

106. 1916 Presidential Election And the Winner is…
Woodrow Wilson
Because
“he kept us out of the war”

107. US Road to War The Last Straw
Zimmerman Note

108. The Zimmerman Telegram

109. The Yanks Are Coming!

110. Americans in the Trenches

111. “Art” of World War I

112. “A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

113. “Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

114. “Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

115. “Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

116. “Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

117. German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

118. 1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

119. Ending the War 1917-1918 US Enters the War in April of 1917
March 1918 Russia and Germany sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Germans now use all resources on Western Front
March of 1918 Germany begins a massive attack on France

120. Ending the War (1918) The Tide Turns
German troops fatigued
US had 140,000 “fresh” troops
2nd Battle of the Marne (June 1918)
Central Powers Crumble
Revolutions in Austria Hungary
Ottoman Empire surrenders
German soldiers mutiny, public turns against Kaiser Wilhelm II

121. Ending the War (1918) Kaiser Wilhelm abdicates on November 9th 1918
11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month in 1918 Germany agrees to a cease-fire
8.5 million soldiers dead
21 million soldiers wounded
Cost of 338 billion dollars

122. The Armistice is Signed!
11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!

123. 9,000,000 Dead

124. The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died