1. PROTESTORS & DEFENDERS – 1500- 1544 AD

2. Social, political, ecclesiastical conditions Political chaos caused by 100 years war Breakdown of feudal loyalties resulting from the plague Papal misconduct Wordliness in the hierarchy Unsupervised teachings

3. Moral Crisis in the Church Simony = selling of sacred objects Nepotism = favoring of family and friends Abuse of indulgences Clerical corruption

4. Reform was needed 5th Lateran Council – 1512- 1517

5. Martin Luther – 1483-1546 German monk – exceptional scholar and preacher Struggled with scrupulosity – imaging sin where none exists or imaging a grave sin when it is not Posts 95 theses on door of Cathedral in Germany on October 31, 1517 Never meant to break from Church, just to point out weak areas that needed to change

6. Luther develops new theology Man full of sin and cannot overcome it Luther begins to interpret Scripture differently In order to justify his teachings he wants to revise the cannon of the Bible Attacked Sacraments and only left 2: Eucharist and Baptism Sees vows of celibacy impossible and calls all priests/nuns to break their vows and marry Luther starts Protestant Reformation

7. Diet of Worms – 1521 Meeting of Pope, Emperor, and Bishops in response to Martin Luther Edict of Worms = declaration of Luther as heretic

8. John Calvin – France 1509-1564 Bible is the only source of Revelation and denied all Sacramental grace Predestination – some were predestined to go to Heaven and most were predestined to go to Hell Severe punishment for breaking religious law Divine worship reduced to prayers, sermons, and singing of psalms Puritans, Presbyterians, and Huguenots came from his ideas

9. Radical Reformation Zwingli and Anabaptists

10. Augsburg Confession – 1530 Outlined Lutheran and Catholic doctrine and called for reform of Catholic Church

11. Our Lady of Guadalupe and St. Juan Diego – 1531

12. Henry VIII – England 1491- 1547 Desired to divorce his wife, Catherine of Spain because she did not bear a son Act of Supremacy = the King of England was declared head of the Church in England Members of government and Church had to sign Oath of Supremacy Bishop St. John Fisher and St. Thomas More both refused – both beheaded England moved towards Protestantism = Anglican Church and Episcopalian Church

13. THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION – 1545-1699 AD

14. Council of Trent – 1545-1563 Lasted 18 years and went through 3 Popes Discussed … Scriptures – confirmed the 73 books Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition compose the deposit of faith Original Sin – were born with it but it doesnt destroy our freedom or ability to cooperate with Gods grace; removed through Baptism 7 Sacraments Salvation – from Jesus death on cross, good works guided by faith are part Providing better training for clergy – established seminaries

15. Many Saints … St. Ignatius of Loyla – 1491-1556 Started the Jesuits Wrote the Spiritual Exercises St. Teresa of Avila – 1515-1582 St. John of the Cross – 1542-1591 St. Philip Neri – 1515-1591

16. Missionaries and Martyrs St. Peter Canisius – taught against Protestantism St. Edmund Campion – taught against Anglicanism St. Isaac Jogues – came to North America

17. Things to note … St. Augustine, Florida founded – 1565 Pilgrims sail on the Mayflower – 1620