1. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Spiral Galaxies Similar to the Milky Way View from above Edge view

2. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Milky Way The Sun is located on the Orion spiral arm about 30,000 LY from the galactic center It takes about 230 million years for the sun to complete one orbit around the galactic center

3. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Other Galaxies in Our Local Group The Andromeda Galaxy 2.3 million LY away A Ring Galaxy

4. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Deep field view - about 10 billion LY away

5. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth  In our galaxy there are about 200 billion stars  In our universe there are over 100 billion galaxies There are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on the Earth

6. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth If the Universe was one year old (instead of 15 billion years) The Cosmic Calendar (Carl Sagan)

7. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 27 meters = 1000 yottameters 100 Billion Light Years This image represents the size of the known universe -- a sphere with a radius of 13.7 billion light years.

8. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 26 meters = 100 yottameters Ten Billion Light Years Light from galaxies on the edge would require 5 billion years to reach the center. Observers at the center are seeing light that was emitted by these galaxies before the solar system formed. The largest scale picture ever taken. Each of the 9325 points is a galaxy like ours. They clump together in 'superclusters' around great voids which can be 150 million light years across.

9. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 25 meters = 10 yottameters One Billion Light Years Astronomers have determined that the largest structures within the visible universe - superclusters, walls, and sheets - are about 200 million light years on a side.

10. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 24 meters = 1 yottameter 100 Million Light Years Clusters of Galaxies

11. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 23 meters = 100 zettameters 10 Million Light Years Within the Virgo Cluster

12. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 22 meters = 10 zettameters 1 Million Light Years The Local Group - Our galaxy with the Magellanic Clouds - two companion galaxies on the right.

13. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Our galaxy - the Milky Way - looks rather like a whirlpool. It has spiral arms curling outwards from the center and rotates at about 900 kilometres per hour. It contains about 200 billion stars. 10 21 meters = 1 zettameter 100,000 Light Years

14. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 20 meters = 100 exameters 10,000 Light Years Our Spiral Arm

15. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 19 meters = 10 exameters 1,000 Light Years The Stars of the Orion Arm

16. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 18 meters = 1 exameter 100 Light Years Stars within 50 Light Years

17. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 17 meters = 100 petameters 10 Light Years The Nearest Stars

18. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 16 meters = 10 petameters 1 Light Year The Oort Cloud

19. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 15 meters = 1 petameter 0.1 Light Year Sol - our Sun

20. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 14 meters = 100 terameters Our Sun and a few rocks

21. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The solar system. Only the orbit of Pluto, the furthest planet from the Sun, is off the picture. 10 13 meters = 10 terameters

22. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Within the orbit of Jupiter - the orbits of the inner four planets : Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. All four have rocky crusts and metallic cores. 10 12 meters = 1 terameter

23. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Six weeks of the Earth's orbit. The orbits of Venus and Mars are just visible on either side. 10 11 meters = 100 gigameters

24. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Four days of the Earth's orbit. 10 10 meters = 10 gigameters

25. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The moon's orbit around the Earth, the furthest humans have ever traveled. 10 9 meters = 1 gigameter

26. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 8 meters = 100 megameters Earth

27. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth North and Central America 10 7 meters = 10 megameters

28. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 6 meters = 1 megameter California

29. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 5 meters = 100 kilometer The San Francisco Bay Area

30. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 4 meters = 10 kilometers San Francisco

31. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 3 meters = 1 kilometer Golden Gate Park

32. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Japanese Tea Garden - one hectare (10,000 m 2 ) 10 2 meters = 100 meters

33. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth A pond with lily pads 10 1 meters = 10 meters

34. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth A one-meter square 10 0 meters = 1 meter

35. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth 10 -1 meters = 10 centimeters A bee on a lily pad flower

36. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth A bee's head 10 -2 meters = 1 centimeter

37. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth A bee's eye 10 -3 meters = 1 millimeter

38. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Pollen 10 -4 meters = 100 micrometers

39. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Bacteria 10 -5 meters = 10 micrometers

40. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Virus on a bacterium 10 -6 meters = 1 micrometer

41. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth A virus 10 -7 meters = 100 nanometers

42. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The structure of DNA 10 -8 meters = 10 nanometers

43. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The molecules of DNA 10 -9 meters = 1 nanometer

44. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Carbon's outer electron shell 10 -10 meters = 100 picometers

45. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The inner electron cloud 10 -11 meters = 10 picometers

46. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Within the electron cloud 10 -12 meters = 1 picometer

47. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The nucleus 10 -13 meters = 100 femtometers

48. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The nucleus of carbon 10 -14 meters = 10 femtometers

49. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth A proton 10 -15 meters = 1 femtometer

50. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Within the proton 10 -16 meters = 100 attometers

51. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Quarks and gluons 10 -17 meters = 10 attometers

52. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth We are “Star Stuff”

53. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Orion Nebula Located in the sword of the constellation Orion.

54. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Orion Nebula

55. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Orion Nebula

56. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Proplyds or Proto Solar Systems in the Orion Nebula

57. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Gaseous Pillars - Stellar Nursery

58. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Science What is Science? –Observation and experimentation directed toward understanding of the natural world. Why study science? –We live in a world surrounded by science and technology. –Our problems and their solutions are bound up with science. –We are called upon to make decisions, to vote, hopefully informed, on issues affecting our lives. –Many of these issues have a significant scientific component.

59. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Why study science? (Continued) –For the convenience of the study of science, the subject is frequently divided into neat packages called biology, chemistry, geology, physics, astronomy --- –Nature is not so divided - Each scientific discipline views nature from a different perspective, but all are studying the same world. –This course will focus on a fundamental or general look at nature. It will be based on physics, the study of the principles that govern the natural world.

60. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Why are we able to study nature? Fundamental assumptions about nature: –Order exists in nature – in the universe. –Order can be discovered by observation and experimentation. –Laws of nature are constant in time and place. Philosophical approach to the study of nature. Aristotle, Plato –Senses cannot be relied on –Must use reason and insights of human mind.

61. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Scientific approach to the study of nature Copernicus and Galileo introduced observation and experimentation in the 16 th century. Science is not a set of facts. It is a way of conducting a dialogue about our physical surroundings. The scientific method consists of careful observation of nature and an open-minded creative search for general ideas that agree with and predict those observations. To be scientific, a statement must be capable of being proven wrong.

62. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Scientific approach to the study of nature. Observation and experimentation set science apart from other ways of knowing - ways that are not less important - just different –Philosophy – Reason – Logic –Art – Appreciation of form – Beauty Pseudoscience statements: – Hypothesis that cannot be tested with reproducible results; Cold fusion, ufo's, astrology...

63. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Scientific approach to the study of nature. Scientific Law: –Statement of observed regularity in nature - attempts to describe the observations –has a well documented history of successful replication and extension to new conditions Scientific Theory: –Statement of observed regularity in nature - attempts to explain the observations –General principle offered to explain a set of phenomena or observed facts. –Not all scientific predictions can be tested directly Core of earth Sun—energy Expansion of the universe Require models—creative thought –No ultimate truths—all Provisional Ok as long as they are not contradicted

64. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Scientific approach to the study of nature. Model: –Simplified version of reality used to describe aspects of nature. –Not synonymous with reality. –Based on assumptions that may simplify some aspects of nature, or may be incomplete statements about nature –Useful to make predictions that can be verified by experimentation or observation.

65. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Scientific Method

66. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Hallmarks of Science Modern science seeks explanations for observed phenomena that rely solely on natural causes. Science progresses through the creation and testing of models of nature that explain the observations as simply as possible. A scientific model must make testable predictions about natural phenomena that would force us to revise or abandon the model if the predictions do not agree with observations.

67. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The idea that scientists should prefer the simpler of two models that agree equally well with observations - the second hallmark - after medieval scholar William of Occam (1285 - 1349). For instance, original model of Copernicus (Sun-centered) did not match the data noticeably better than Ptolemy's model (Earth-centered). Thus, a purely data-driven judgment based on the third hallmark might have led scientists to immediately reject the Sun-centered idea. Instead, many scientists found elements of the Copernican model appealing, such as the simplicity of its explanation for apparent retrograde motion. Was kept alive until Kepler found a way to make it work. Occam’s Razor

68. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The most exciting words in science are not “Eureka (I found it)” but “Now that’s funny”.

69. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth MOTIONS OF EARTH 1. ROTATION ON ITS AXIS - Day 2. REVOLUTION ABOUT SUN - Year 3. PRECESSION - Wobble of spin axis

70. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth MotionTypical Speed rotation1,000 km/hr or more around axis, with one rotation taking 1 day orbit of Sun100,000 km/hr around Sun, with one orbit taking 1 year motion within local solar neighborhood 70,000 km/hr relative to nearby stars rotation of the Milky Way Galaxy 800,000 km/hr around galactic center, with one galactic rotation taking about 230 million years motion within Local Group300,000 km/hr toward Andromeda Galaxy universal expansionmore distant galaxies moving away faster, with the most distant moving at speeds close to the speed of light Motions of Earth

71. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Earth rotates about its axis axis once per day - one rotation equals one day. The axis goes through the north and south poles and through the center of the Earth. It rotates counterclockwise when looking down on the north pole which means that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Rotation

72. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Rotation of the Earth From Space

73. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Earth’s rotation causes the stars - the celestial sphere - to appear to rotate around the Earth. Viewed from outside, the stars (and the Sun, Moon, and planets) therefore appear to make simple daily circles around us. The red circles represent the apparent daily paths of a few selected stars.

74. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth The Celestial Sphere Envisioned by the ancients, the celestial sphere had Earth at the center with the stars emblazoned on the sphere. They thought the stars rose and set because the celestial sphere (the sky) rotated, carrying the stars from east to west. All stars appear to move around two points on the celestial sphere, the north and south celestial poles—projections of earth’s axis of rotation. Earth's equator projected on the celestial sphere becomes the celestial equator.

75. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Our lack of depth perception when we look into space creates the illusion that the Earth is surrounded by a celestial sphere. Thus, stars that appear very close to one another in our sky may actually lie at very different distances from Earth.

76. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Constellations Constellations - groupings of stars named after mythical heroes, gods, and mystical beasts - made up over at least the last 6000 years - maybe more - used to identify seasons: - farmers know that for most crops, you plant in the spring and harvest in the fall. - in some regions, not much differentiation between the seasons. - different constellations visible at different times of the year - can use them to tell what month it is. For example, Scorpius is only visible in the northern hemisphere's evening sky in the summer. - many of the myths associated with the constellations thought to have been invented to help the farmers remember them - made up stories about them

77. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth Picture at right shows a start chart of the region around the constellation Orion. Picture at the left is an ornate star chart printed in 1835 - shows the great hunter Orion. He is holding a lion's head instead of his traditional bow or shield. He is stalking Taurus, the Bull in the upper right hand corner. Behind him, his faithful dog, Canis Major, is chasing Lepus, the Hare.

78. NATS 1311 - From the Cosmos to Earth In modern world - constellations redefined so now every star in the sky is in exactly one constellation. In 1929, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted official constellation boundaries that defined the 88 official constellations that exist today. Constellations Western culture constellations originated in Mesopotamia over 5000 years ago - added to by Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek astronomers - current list based charts of Roman astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy (~140 AD)