1. 9 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Administering User Security

2. 9-2 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Objectives After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: Create and manage database user accounts Create and manage roles Grant and revoke privileges Control resource usage by users

3. 9-3 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. User Management: Overview Create a user with an assigned storage area (tablespace). Assign quota to limit storage usage. Limit resource usage with profile. Authenticate a user with a password. Manage password rules with profiles (expire passwords and lock account). Assign privileges to roles and roles to users. Users Privileges Roles HR_MGR Jenny Insert employees

4. 9-4 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Database Users and Schemas A schema is the collection of objects owned by a user. Username and schema are often used interchangeably. A user can be associated with only one schema, but he or she can use objects from many schemas with the appropriate permissions. Schema Objects Tables Triggers Indexes Views Sequences Stored program units Synonyms User-defined data types Database links

5. 9-5 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Database User Accounts Each database user account has: A unique username An authentication method A default tablespace A temporary tablespace A user profile A consumer group A lock status >User Privilege Role Profile

6. 9-6 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Database User Accounts Full Notes Page

7. 9-7 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Predefined Accounts: SYS and SYSTEM The SYS account: –Is granted the DBA role –Has all privileges with ADMIN OPTION –Is required for startup, shutdown, and some maintenance commands –Owns the data dictionary –Owns the Automatic Workload Repository (AWR) The SYSTEM account is granted the DBA role. These accounts are not used for routine operations.

8. 9-8 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating a User Select Administration > Schema > Users & Privileges > Users, and then click the Create button.

9. 9-9 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Privileges There are two types of user privileges: System: Enables users to perform particular actions in the database Object: Enables users to access and manipulate a specific object User >Privilege Role Profile System privilege: Create session HR_DBA Object privilege: Update employees

10. 9-10 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. System Privileges

11. 9-11 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. System Privileges Full Notes Page

12. 9-12 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Object Privileges To grant object privileges: 1.Choose the object type. 2.Select objects. 3.Select privileges.

13. 9-13 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. GRANT REVOKE Revoking System Privileges with ADMIN OPTION REVOKE CREATE TABLE FROM jeff; User Privilege Object DBAJeffEmi JeffEmiDBA

14. 9-14 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. GRANT REVOKE Revoking Object Privileges with GRANT OPTION BobJeffEmi JeffBob

15. 9-15 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating a Role Select Administration > Schema > Users & Privileges > Roles. User Privilege >Role Profile

16. 9-16 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Benefits of Roles Easier privilege management Dynamic privilege management Selective availability of privileges

17. 9-17 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Predefined Roles CONNECTCREATE SESSION RESOURCECREATE CLUSTER, CREATE INDEXTYPE, CREATE OPERATOR, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE SEQUENCE, CREATE TABLE, CREATE TRIGGER, CREATE TYPE SCHEDULER_ ADMIN CREATE ANY JOB, CREATE EXTERNAL JOB, CREATE JOB, EXECUTE ANY CLASS, EXECUTE ANY PROGRAM, MANAGE SCHEDULER DBA Most system privileges, several other roles. Do not grant to nonadministrators. SELECT_ CATALOG_ ROLE No system privileges, but HS_ADMIN_ROLE and over 1,700 object privileges on the data dictionary

18. 9-18 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. CREATE ROLE secure_application_role IDENTIFIED USING ; Secure Roles Roles may also be secured programmatically. Roles may be nondefault. SET ROLE vacationdba; Roles may be protected through authentication.

19. 9-19 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Profiles and Users Users are assigned only one profile at any given time. Profiles: Control resource consumption Manage account status and password expiration User Privilege Role >Profile

20. 9-20 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Profiles and Users Full Notes Page

21. 9-21 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Where We Are Done: Creating a user Creating a role Assigning system and object privileges to a role Creating a profile Limiting resource usage with a profile To Do—Modifying user accounts: Assigning storage area (tablespace) Assigning quota to limit storage usage Authenticating users with passwords Managing password rules with profiles (expiring passwords and locking accounts) Assigning privileges to roles and roles to users

22. 9-22 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Modifying Users: Default and Temporary Tablespaces and Locking Default: Default location of database objects Temporary: Used for sorting Best practice: Be specific in your tablespace assignments.

23. 9-23 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Assigning Quota to Users Users who do not have the UNLIMITED TABLESPACE system privilege must be given a quota before they can create objects in a tablespace. Quotas can be: Unlimited A specific value in megabytes or kilobytes

24. 9-24 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Assigning Quota to Users Full Notes Page

25. 9-25 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Authenticating Users Password External Global

26. 9-26 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Authenticating Users Full Notes Page

27. 9-27 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Administrator Authentication Operating System Security: DBAs must have the OS privileges to create and delete files. Typical database users should not have the OS privileges to create or delete database files. Administrator Security: SYSBA and SYSOPER connections are authorized via password file or OS. –Password file authentication records the DBA user by name. –OS authentication does not record the specific user. –OS authentication takes precedence over password file authentication for SYSDBA and SYSOPER.

28. 9-28 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Locking and Unlocking Accounts Failed login attempts Manual locking Account locked Manual unlocking Account unlocked User DBA

29. 9-29 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Setting Password Expiration Password management includes the following: Specifying the maximum lifetime for a password Specifying a grace period for changing a password Note: Do not use profiles that cause the SYS, SYSMAN, and DBSNMP passwords to expire and the accounts to get locked.

30. 9-30 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Unlocking a User Account and Resetting the Password Select the user, and click Unlock User.

31. 9-31 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Assigning Privileges to Roles and Roles to Users Users Privileges Roles HR_CLERK HR_MGR JennyDavidRachel Delete employees Select employees Update employees Insert employees

32. 9-32 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Assigning Roles to Users

33. 9-33 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Checklist for Creating Users Select a profile. Select an authentication technique. Assign a default tablespace and temporary tablespace. Decide on quotas for each tablespace. Grant privileges and roles to the user.

34. 9-34 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Summary In this lesson, you should have learned how to: Create and manage user accounts Create and manage roles Grant and revoke privileges Control resource usage by users

35. 9-35 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved. Practice Overview: Administering Users This practice covers the following topics: Creating a profile to limit resource consumption Creating two roles: a. HRCLERK b. HRMANAGER Creating three new users: One manager and two clerks

36. 9-36 Copyright © 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.