1. Keep Pots Clean Or Families Get Sick!
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

2. Kindom Protizoa proto, first + zoo, animal
Evolved from the Archae approx. 1.5 billion years ago
Polyphyletic group- protists arose by way of more than one ancestral group
Represents separate evolutionary lineages
Plant like b/c autotrophic (produce their own food)
Animal-Like b/c they are heterotrophic (feed upon other organisms)
Today you will study phyla and animal like protists.

3. Animal-Like Protists 8-1 Fig. 8.2
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Animal-Like Protists
Fig. 8.2
8-1

4. Chapter 8 Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa
“Protist” Unicellular and Colonial Eukaryotes-
any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

5. Protozoan Protist 8-2 Fig. 8.3
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Protozoan Protist
Fig. 8.3
8-2
W. D. Russell-Hunter, A Life of Invertebrates, © 1979.

6. Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa
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Asexual Reproduction in Protozoa
Fig. 8.4
8-3

7. Figure 8.5

8. Symbiotic lifestyles Symbiosis (Gr. Syn, with +bios, life)
Parasitism- a form of symbiosis- organism lives in or on other (Host)

9. Some parasites have life cycles involving multiple hosts
Definite host- harbors the sexual stages of the parasite
Intermediate host- the offspring enter another host where they reproduce asexually, to complete lifecycle the final asexual stage must have access to a Definite host

10. Other kinds of symbiosis
Don’t harm host
Commensalisms- one member benefits
Mutualism- both benefit

11. Flagellated Protozoa
Flagellates are the ancestors of ameoboid protozoan
Phytoflagellated (photosynthesizing)
zooflagellated (particle feeding and parasitic)

12. Phytoflagellated Protozoa
Chlorophyll (oxygen for marine life)
One or two flagella
These protozoans are large portion of the marine food
i.e dinoflagellates
Two flagellates, chlorophyll, xanthophyll (bloom=red tides) and results in fill kills (Red sea, bible)

13. Figure 8.6

15. Other Phytoflagellated Protozoa Euglena
Freshwater phytoflagellated protozoa
Chloroplast has a pyrenoid (synthesizes and stores carbohydrates)
feed by absorption or are heterotrophic
Stigma- photoreceptor at the base of the flagellum
Haploid organisms and reproduce binary fission

16. Subphylum Mastigophora (cl. Phytomastigophora)
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Structure of Euglena
Fig. 8.7
Subphylum Mastigophora
(cl. Phytomastigophora)
8-4

17. Zooflagellated Protozoa
Lack chloroplast
Heterotrophic
Some members are important human parasites
Species Trypanosoma brucei cause African sleeping sickness (Intermediate host- Tsetse flies )

18. Zooflagellated Protozoa Trypanosomes
Tsetse fly picks up parasite from infected
Multiply asexually in the gut of flies
Infects other individuals
Cause mental dullness and lack of coordination “Sleepiness”
Death- Central Nervous System, cardiovascular, and malnutrition
Curable if detected early

19. Figure 8.8 (a)

20. Figure 8.8 (b)

21. Amoeboid Protozoa
Fig 8.10 Amoebozoan proteus

22. Study representatives of the following three Protista phyla:
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Subphylum Mastigophora
Subphylum Sarcodina
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Ciliophora

23. Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Chars: Flagella, pseudopodia, or both; single type of nucleus; no spores formed.
Subphylum Masigophora
Chars: One or more Falgella
Autotrophic (cl. Phytomastigophora)
Heterotrophic (cl. Zoomastigophora) or both;
Reproduction usually by fission

24. Freshwater phytomastigophoran
Ponds and slow moving streams
Study live protozoans using methylcellulose
Observe Flagella using iodine potassium iodine (IKI)

25. Other Mastigophora
Zoomastigophora- Trypanosoma, Trichonympha, and Trichomonas
Trichonympha- Mastigophora Symbionts- Termite gut

26. Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei
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Life Cycle of Trypanosoma Brucei
Fig. 8.9
8-6

27. Phytomstigophoran- Volvox
shows colonial organization. Concave slide Culture Medium, cover slide no air pockets

28. Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate
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Volvox, A Colonial Flagellate
Fig. 8.8
8-5

29. Subphylum Sarcodina
Chars: Pseudopodia, Flagella occasionally present (in developmental stages. The Amoebas
Ameobas- common freshwater protist
Lives on the bottom of ponds

30. Variations in Pseudopodia
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Variations in Pseudopodia
Fig. 8.10
8-7

31. Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea
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Subphylum Sarcodina: Superclass Rhizopoda, Class Lobosea
Fig. 8.11b
8-8

32. Other Sarcodina-“Not naked” sarcodines
Arcella, Difflugia, and Actinospaerium and marine radiolarians and foraminifera form test.
Test (shell) are protective structures that the cytoplasm secretes
Test can be made of calcium carbonate, protein, silica or chitin (a polysaccharide)
Test can be formed from sand grains, calcium carbonate and silica

33. Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata)
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Freshwater Amoeba (Difflugia Oblongata)
Fig. 8.12
8-9

34. The Coccidea- Phylum Apicomplexa
Chars: All parasites
Apical complex used for penetrating host cells
Lack cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive stages
Coccidians or apicomplexans are named based upon the presence of apical complex

35. Most important Coccidians are members of the class Sporozoea
Chars: intracellular parasites of animals
Form spores or oocysts following sexual reproduction
Complex life cycle that involve both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts
Example- Plasmodium the sporozoan that causes malaria.

36. Fig 8.14 Life Cycle of Plasmodium
Figure 8.14

37. Phylum Ciliophora
Chars: Cilia, macronuclei, and micronuclei usually present
Ciliates are the largest most complex and diverse group of the protozoans
Nearly occupy all aquatic habitats
Some are symbiotic
Reproduction can be asexual through fission or sexual through conjugation

38. Ciliate (Paramecium) 8-12 Fig. 8.17b
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Ciliate (Paramecium)
Fig. 8.17b
8-12

39. Figure 8.15 (a)
Fig 8.15
The Ciliate
paramecium

40. Figure 8.17

41. Fig Suctroian feeding
Figure 8.18

42. Conjugation in Paramecium
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Conjugation in Paramecium
Fig. 8.21
8-13

43. Example of a Ciliophora: Paramecium
Common freshwater ciliate
Observe live sample using methylcellulose solution
Other Ciliophora: Colpidium, Vorticella and Stentor

44. Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships
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Cladogram of Protozoa Relationships
Fig. 8.22
8-14

45. Figure 8.20

46. Box Figure 8.1

47. EOC Figure
The End