1. Community Relationships

2. Ecology & Levels of Organization Ecology – Is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment Organisms and their interactions with one another and the environment have led scientists to organize nature into different levels as follows: – Organism – Population – Community – Biome – Ecosystem – Biosphere

3. Organism Organism - an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form An organism’s job in a community is called its niche.

4. Population Population - the collection of organisms of a particular species, living in a given geographic area or space

5. Community Community - various collections of organisms sharing an environment

6. Biome Biome - is a major regional group of distinctive communities best adapted to the region's physical natural environment, latitude, elevation, and terrain. (ex: savanna, steppe, prairie)

7. Ecosystem Ecosystem - the collection of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components and processes in one particular area of the biosphere

8. Biosphere Biosphere - the outermost part of the planet's shell — including air, land and water — within which life occurs

9. Habitat vs. Niche Different Species have different niches. A niche is the organism’s “Job”: – What does it contribute to the community? It can absorb sunlight to produce food for others. It can be preyed upon by others. It can be parasitized by others. It can go to the bathroom and fertilize the ground. It can die and its body will go back to the earth. Niche is different than habitat, because habitat describes the conditions in which the organism lives. A niche describes the organism’s purpose. Niche is often described by an organism’s relationship with other organisms in the community.

10. Organisms Can Have Symbiotic Relationships – Symbiosis – a relationship where two species live closely together Mutualism – Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

11. Ant-aphid mutualism: the aphids are protected against predators by the ants who cultivate the aphids for their secretions of honeydew, a food source.honeydew

12. The Roridula gorgonias plant is sticky and captures bugs, but does not eat the bugs. This bug eats the captured bugs and its feces fertilizes the soil and feeds the plant.

13. Students Should Be Able to Identify and Describe Symbiotic Relationships – Symbiosis – a relationship where two species live closely together Mutualism – Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship Commensalism – Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed

14. A small copepod crustacean (note paired egg sacs) on Phyllidia

15. The commensal shrimp Periclimenes imperator on Chromodoris tinctoria

16. Students should be able to identify and describe symbiotic relationships – Symbiosis – a relationship where two species live closely together Mutualism – Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship Commensalism – Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism – Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it

17. Mites parasitising a harvestman.

18. This plant is a Holoparasite; a plant that is completely parasitic on other plants and has virtually no chlorophyll.

19. Organisms can have Predator/Prey relationships Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. – The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. – The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. – This tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Other predators are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything.

20. Specialist Predator

21. LadybirdLadybird larva eating woolly apple aphidswoolly apple aphids Specialist Predator

22. Opportunistic Predator

24. Prey/Predators Continued When hunger is not an issue, most predators will generally not seek to attack prey because it costs them too much energy. – (This is why sharks in an aquarium will not attack the fish in the tank)

26. Prey/Predators Continued Predators at the top of the food chain (such as large sharks, crocodiles, and humans) are called the apex predators and can often greatly affect the food chain beneath them. – Species that have a strong influence on the food chain are called keystone species.

27. The Clean Up Crew And of course, you have to have organisms that return dead organisms back to the eart: – Scavengers eat freshly dead material, like opossums and buzzards. – Detritivores eat detritus (decaying matter), like maggots. – Decomposers complete the conversion of organic material to the earth; like bacteria and fungus(mold).

28. The Food Chain Energy Comes to Earth Energy is Absorbed by Plants Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

29. Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Quaternary Consumer

30. Decomposers

31. Energy Pyramid