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Published byGarey Cook Modified over 9 years ago
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organism population Community Ecology community ecosystem biosphere
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Community Ecology Community Community Ecology
all the organisms that live together in a place interactions Community Ecology study of interactions among all populations in a common environment To answer: In what way do the populations interact?
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Niche An organism’s niche is its ecological role
habitat = address vs. niche = job High tide Competitive Exclusion If Species 2 is removed, then Species 1 will occupy whole tidal zone. But at lower depths Species 2 out-competes Species 1, excluding it from its potential (fundamental) niche. Species 1 Low tide Chthamalus sp. Species 2 Fundamental niches Realized niches Semibalanus sp.
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Niche & competition Competitive Exclusion
No two similar species can occupy the same niche at the same time
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis- two species living together 3 Types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Mutualism Cleaning shrimp
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.
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Symbiotic Relationships
Commensalism- one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria You can see here that this polar bear is no longer white.
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Parasite-Host relationship
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Symbiotic Relationships
Parasitism- parasite-host Ex. lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworm
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp The Egyptian plover takes insects from the backs of buffaloes, giraffes and rhinos. The plover has also been observed taking leeches from the open mouths of crocodiles! In this association the plover receives a supply of food and the other animal rids itself of unwelcome pests
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Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism- beneficial to both species Ex. lichen The Egyptian plover takes insects from the backs of buffaloes, giraffes and rhinos. The plover has also been observed taking leeches from the open mouths of crocodiles! In this association the plover receives a supply of food and the other animal rids itself of unwelcome pests
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= 1 species Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits
Species neutral Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism = 1 species
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Species interactions Symbiotic interactions competition (-/-)
compete for limited resource competitive exclusion! predation / parasitism (-/+) mutualism (+/+) lichens (algae & fungus) commensalism (+/0) barnacles attached to whale
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…not very funny for a clown fish
Symbiosis mutualism +/+ …not very funny for a clown fish commensalism +/0 predation +/- competition -/-
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What relationship is this?
clown fish & sea anemone ants & acacia impala & oxpeckers
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Predation drives evolution
Predators adaptations locate & subdue prey Prey adaptations elude & defend Predation provides a strong selection pressure on both prey & predator horns, speed, coloration spines, thorns, toxins Predation provides a strong selective pressure on prey populations. Ay feature that would decrease the probability of capture should be strongly favored.
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Anti-predator adaptations
Hide from predators avoid detection camouflage Warn predators advertise how undesirable you are as prey
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Defense mechanisms Camouflage coloration blends into surroundings
whipporwill frog lizard lizard toad
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Mimicry green parrot snake
harmless species mimics (copies) a harmful species green parrot snake Hawkmoth larva puffs up to look like poisonous snake hawkmoth larvae
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Coral snake is poisonous
What kind of mimicry? Coral snake is poisonous King snake is not Red on yellow, poison fellow; red on black, safe from attack
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Feeding Relationships
Predator-prey relationships Parasite-host relationships Flowers & pollinators Long term evolutionary adjustments between species
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Competition Species compete for limited resources
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