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Community Ecology Chapter 54. Community An assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions.

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Presentation on theme: "Community Ecology Chapter 54. Community An assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions."— Presentation transcript:

1 Community Ecology Chapter 54

2 Community An assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interactions

3 Learning Targets I can describe the following interspecific interactions and explain how they impact the community: Competition Competitive exclusionary avoidance through: resource partitioning, fundamental and realized niches, character displacement Predation Predation effects: aposematic coloration, cryptic coloration, Batesian and Mullerian mimicry Herbivory Symbiosis Distinguishing between: parasitic, commensal, mutualistic Facilitation I can quantitatively demonstrate the diversity of a community. I can explain the relationship between community diversity and stability, including the impact keystone and dominant species have on stability. I can describe how disturbance can impact a community. I can explain how ecological succession works I can distinguish between primary and secondary succession I can describe a climax community. I can describe how human and natural disturbances can alter succession.

4 Types of Interactions Interspecific Interactions Interactions with other species Intraspecific Interactions Interactions within one species

5 Ecological Niche Every species survives and reproduces utilizing a range of chemical and biological conditions

6 Competitive Exclusion Principle Direct interspecific competition will always lead to the extinction of one species One species will have a slight competitive edge in surviving and reproducing

7 Interspecific Species Interactions

8 Predation (+/-)

9 Predation Defense Strategies Cryptic coloration – camouflage Aposematic coloration – warning coloration Batesian mimicry – a harmless species mimics a harmful one Mullerian mimicry – two harmful species mimic each other

10 (a) Cryptic coloration(b) Aposematic coloration Canyon tree frog Poison dart frog (c) Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one.(d) Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. Hawkmoth Larva (harmless) Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket Green parrot snake (harmful)

11 Herbivory (+/-)

12 Parasitism (+/-)

13 Commensalism Commensalism (+/0)

14 Mutualism Mutualism (+/+)

15 Facilitation (+/+ or 0/+) One species influences the survival and reproduction of another species Ex: plant species that make soil hospitable for other species to thrive

16 Learning Targets I can describe the following interspecific interactions and explain how they impact the community: Competition Competitive exclusionary avoidance through: resource partitioning, fundamental and realized niches, character displacement Predation Predation effects: aposematic coloration, cryptic coloration, Batesian and Mullerian mimicry Herbivory Symbiosis Distinguishing between: parasitic, commensal, mutualistic Facilitation I can quantitatively demonstrate the diversity of a community. I can explain the relationship between community diversity and stability, including the impact keystone and dominant species have on stability. I can describe how disturbance can impact a community. I can explain how ecological succession works I can distinguish between primary and secondary succession I can describe a climax community. I can describe how human and natural disturbances can alter succession.

17 Species Diversity Species richness: Total amount of species in a community Relative abundance: Total amount of one species in a community Diversity is key to a healthy, stable ecosystem

18 Learning Targets I can describe the following interspecific interactions and explain how they impact the community: Competition Competitive exclusionary avoidance through: resource partitioning, fundamental and realized niches, character displacement Predation Predation effects: aposematic coloration, cryptic coloration, Batesian and Mullerian mimicry Herbivory Symbiosis Distinguishing between: parasitic, commensal, mutualistic Facilitation I can quantitatively demonstrate the diversity of a community. I can explain the relationship between community diversity and stability, including the impact keystone and dominant species have on stability. I can describe how disturbance can impact a community. I can explain how ecological succession works I can distinguish between primary and secondary succession I can describe a climax community. I can describe how human and natural disturbances can alter succession.

19 Keystone Species Organism with a pivotal role in an ecosystem The removal of a keystone species results in the collapse of the ecosystem Ex: sea otter (Enhydra lutris)

20 Learning Targets I can describe the following interspecific interactions and explain how they impact the community: Competition Competitive exclusionary avoidance through: resource partitioning, fundamental and realized niches, character displacement Predation Predation effects: aposematic coloration, cryptic coloration, Batesian and Mullerian mimicry Herbivory Symbiosis Distinguishing between: parasitic, commensal, mutualistic Facilitation I can quantitatively demonstrate the diversity of a community. I can explain the relationship between community diversity and stability, including the impact keystone and dominant species have on stability. I can describe how disturbance can impact a community. I can explain how ecological succession works. I can distinguish between primary and secondary succession. I can describe a climax community. I can describe how human and natural disturbances can alter succession.

21 Disturbance & Succession Disturbance – event that changes the dynamics of a community Succession – recovery of that community after a disturbance

22 Primary vs. Secondary Succession Primary – begins with rock Ex: glacier, volcano Secondary – begins with soil Ex: forest fire, flood Climax community – recovered, long term stability

23 Learning Targets I can describe the following interspecific interactions and explain how they impact the community: Competition Competitive exclusionary avoidance through: resource partitioning, fundamental and realized niches, character displacement Predation Predation effects: aposematic coloration, cryptic coloration, Batesian and Mullerian mimicry Herbivory Symbiosis Distinguishing between: parasitic, commensal, mutualistic Facilitation I can quantitatively demonstrate the diversity of a community. I can explain the relationship between community diversity and stability, including the impact keystone and dominant species have on stability. I can describe how disturbance can impact a community. I can explain how ecological succession works I can distinguish between primary and secondary succession I can describe a climax community. I can describe how human and natural disturbances can alter succession.

24 Human vs. Natural Disturbance Humans – clearing land for own uses Ex: logging, agriculture Generally, no recovery to climax community


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