1. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net FUEL CELL ELECTRIC VEHICLES Carlos Sousa AGENEAL, Local Energy Management Agency of Almada

2. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net SUMMARY 1.Workings of a Fuel Cell 2.Production, transport and storage of Hydrogen 3.Some proposal from the manufacturers

3. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL

4. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL Exhaust

5. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL Main characteristics Each cell: 0.5 – 1 V Intensity: 0.3 – 1 A cm 2 Power: 0.3 – 0.5 W/cm 2

6. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL Example: 2 x 100 cells ( 40 cm x 40 cm)  2 x (100 x 0.7) x (40 x 40 x 0.375) = 2 x (70 V x 640 A) = 84 kW (114 CV) Ballard 900 107 CV 72 kg 34 x 24 x 75 cm Volume 61 L 1,3 kW / L

7. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net WORKINGS OF A FUEL CELL   15 to 35%   30 to +50%

8. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net Fuel Cell for a passengers bus, MAN

9. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE Cost: 400 €/kW (7 x price of a conventional engine) Complete Cell: € 20 000,00 (engine € 3 000,00) Reliability Response to transient regimens Problems with low temperatures (below 0 ºC) H 2 contamination Vehicle Adaptation Needs Hydrogen (production, transport and storage)!!

10. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net

11. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net

12. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H 2 1. “Industrial” Production electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Oil refinery? Renewable sources Distribution network? (does not exist!) Cost, Investments Safety and social acceptance

13. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H 2 2. Decentralized Production (at the filling station) From what? (electrolysis of water? Natural gas? Other) Cost of the equipment Safety and social acceptance

14. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H 2 Regardless of the place of production (filling station or industrial plant) Filling system Security Filling time

15. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H 2 Storage on board… Compressed gas @ 300 bar? (very low density) Liquid at –253 ºC? (high evaporation, low density) Solid matrix? (weight/volume ratio)

16. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net PRODUCTION, TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF H 2 3. Onboard production with a reformer From natural gas, methanol, ethanol? Petrol? Problems System efficiency Cost Technology Emissions – Does not solve the “Carbon Problem”

17. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net Necar 5 e Jeep Commander (2000; CH 3 OH) Necar 4 (1999) Necar 1 (1994) Necar 3 (1997; CH 3 OH) Necar 2 (1996)

18. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net Opel Hydrogen 1 Liquid H 2 (75 Litres; 5 kg H 2 ) Stack with 200 cells (59/27/50 cm) - 150 – 200 V; 90 kW/ 122 CV - 68 kg Auxiliary Batery Weight: 1575 kg 0-100 km/h – 16 s Max. Speed: 140 km/h Range: 400 km

19. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS - CUTE Clean Urban Transport for Europe, CUTE Demonstration project to test and evaluate the operational performance of Hydrogen buses for public transport 10 European cities (Barcelona, Madrid, London, Hamburg, Luxemburg, Estocolmo, Amsterdam, Stutgart, Stockholm, Porto) 3 Daimler-Chrysler buses per city Different methods for Hydrogen production (Renewables - hydropower, natural gas, refinery) Evaluation of costs, infrastructure, life cycle,emissions, etc.

20. ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND VEHICLES www.transportlearning.net Thank you for your attention!