1. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 A. Le Duigou CEA (Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique) / F HYdrogen THErmochemical Cycles Contract N° 502704

2. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005  MODELS : flow-sheeting, industrial scale-up (components, safety and costs)  EXPERIMENTATION for both cycles : SOLAR H2SO4 decomposition step  EXPERIMENTATION on S_I cycle : H2 production step HYTHEC / the PARTNERS Assessment of two H2 production thermochemical cycles : the Sulfur-Iodine (S_I) cycle (major effort) and the Hybrid-Sulfur (WH) cycle / Renewable Raw Material (Water) / Nuclear and RES (solar) / CO2-Free 6 PARTNERS : research institutes (DLR, CEA – coordinator), universities (DIMI, USFD), engineering organisation (EA) and SME (ProSim-SA) Duration : 3,5 years - Kick-off : 01/04/2004 - EC funding ~1,9 M€

3. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 FLOW-SHEETING AND MODELING / S_I and WH Importance of T level for H2SO4 section and heat recovery for HIx section S_I Hybrid Sulfur HIx section H2SO4 section Electrolytic section Flow-Sheets : describe the whole processes / integrate the models from experimentation / are regularly updated

4. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 INDUSTRIAL SCALE-UP / S_I and WH S_I cycle / first coupling, component sizing and costs performed WH cycle / elaboration and selection of process concepts (solar / hybrid energy souces)

5. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 EXPERIMENTATION / S_I H2 production step knowledge and improvement Experimental measurements of the partial pressures above a mixture of HI, H 2 O and I 2. Use of FTIR, UV-Vis. and RAMAN spectroscopies Optical selectivity testing Membrane selectivity test using CARS (Coherent Anti Raman Spectroscopy) First significant results obtained at low P and T Simulations carried to investigate the change in efficiency with different amounts of dewatering of the process stream

6. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 EXPERIMENTATION / H2SO4 decomposition by solar energy Comparison and weighting of different receiver-reactor concepts / CFD and FEM modelling Success performance of first test campaign CFD and FEM modelling Solar input Concentrated H2SO4 input Vaporization Decomposition Gas

7. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Major HYTHEC characteristics linked to SRA topics HYTHEC works in the scope of the following pathway: S_I cycle: nuclear  heat  « thermolysis »  hydrogen WH cycle : all the yellow scope, simplier study

8. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Major HYTHEC characteristics linked to SRA topics (1/2) “The ultimate goal is to produce hydrogen from carbon-dioxide-lean energy sources including nuclear fission” HYTHEC works on long term processes “Long term outlook” (2050) for thermochemical water splitting : Sulfur- Iodine (S_I) and Hybrid-Sulfur (WH) cycles Hydrogen made from a “variety” (2) of primary energies: Nuclear and Solar heat sources (last one for renewable heat and electricity sources) Centralised / decentralized production (limits for TC cycles ?): rather large scale plants, 50 to 600 MWth CO2-Free process: use of water as a raw material, then no need for CO2 sequestration, « technology which still needs to be practically verified and accepted » « Hydrogen a major transport fuel by 2050”: HYTHEC works on massive hydrogen production plants

9. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Major HYTHEC characteristics linked to SRA topics (2/2) “Basic research issues: analysis and development of thermochemical processes » “Recommend basic research areas : analysis and development of thermolysis processes in compliance with available heat sources”: VLE model for the HI/I2/H2O system of the S_I cycle; Study of thermodynamics and membranes capabilities for enhancement of S_I H2 production section; Feasibility, advantages and drawbacks of solar (RES) thermal splitting of H2SO4; More generally: flow-sheeting, modelling, large scale assessments with 2 energy sources (Nuclear and Solar)

10. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 HYTHEC is a short term R&D activity : 2004 to 2007 Research strategy for hydrogen production for 2005 to 2015 A constraining level of efficiency seems to be required : be careful about the definition ….HYTHEC will propose very soon its point of view about « efficiency » « Thermochemical processes are mostly proposed in the context of advanced nuclear reactors and feature prominently in the Technology Roadmap for Generation IV nuclear reactors. Alternatively, the high temperature heat from solar concentrators may be used »: Nuclear VHTR and Solar heat sources in HYTHEC. S_I cycle « generally considered the most promising thermochemical cycle »; HYTHEC considers WH cycle too

11. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 How HYTHEC is connected to SRA / DS timetable HYTHEC 2004 2007 « 2020 snapshot »

12. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 HYTHEC detailed planned/ongoing activities Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

13. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Major HYTHEC main expected results/achievements (1/2) FLOW-SHEETING AND MODELING / S_I and WH – comparative assessments INDUSTRIAL SCALE-UP / S_I and WH – massive H2 production processes reliability (coupling, components, safety, costs) EXPERIMENTATION on S_I H2 production step - knowledge and improvement (mainly possible use of membranes) EXPERIMENTATION on S_I and WH - H2SO4 decomposition by solar energy

14. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 HYTHEC main expected results/achievements (2/2) Phase 1 - April 2004 to March 2005 : acquisition of the input data, flow- sheeting, definition / construction of the devices and measurement techniques, and first steps in the modelisations (membranes, coupling, component sizing) HYTHEC sent comments on SRA and related topics addressed (FP6 – HYTHEC – N1 / 01 and FP6 – HYTHEC – N1 / 02 ) Phase 2 - March 2005 to March 2006 : S_I and Westinghouse evaluations on first basic flow-sheets, from theoretical, experimental, industrial scale-up and cost studies Phase 3 - March 2006 to September 2007 : detailed S_I and Westinghouse evaluations from theoretical, experimental, industrial scale-up and cost studies

15. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Cross-cutting R&D in the SRA : “hydrogen safety with both technical and socio-economical aspects: HYTHEC works on Industrial scale-up, including safety aspects, and costs evaluations for S_I and WH cycles: -SP2 / S_I cycle - SP6 / Capability of large-scale H2SO4 decomposition in a solar furnace - SP7 / WH cycle Cross-cutting issues (1/3) Recommend cross-cutting areas: « Hydrogen production is closely linked to hydrogen storage and distribution »: HYTHEC linked to other European projects

16. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Cross-cutting issues (2/3) A broad Dissemination 2 workshops: JRC workshop in Brussels (December 2004) MICANET-WP4 meeting in Brussels (April 6th, 2005) 9 communications dedicated to part or all HYTHEC: Hydrogen Energy Congress in Brussels (March 2005), IHEC (Istanbul July 2005), EHEC (Zaragoza November 2005), Cologne Solar Symposium (June 2005, Cologne), 7th WCCE (Glasgow, July 2005), AIChE 2005 (Cincinnatti) 3 proposals : German Energy Congress (February 2006), Solar Paces (June 2006), WHEC 2006 (Lyon, June 2006) HYTHEC mentioned in 8 communications 1 paper published in IJHE (HIx separation in S_I cycle), a paper proposed to IJHE (HYTHEC) A private site, soon a public one

17. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Cross-cutting issues (3/3) Education Diploma thesis : 2 finalised at DLR, 6 in progress totally or partially funded (2 at DLR, 2 at DIMI, 2 at USFD) 3 PHD students at USFD, working on subjects related to HYTHEC background (not directly funded) Students at CEA, working on subjects related to HYTHEC background (not directly funded) 1 internship at DLR

18. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Enhancing cooperation and future perspectives A large collaboration with other EU projects RAPHAEL (former VHTR – IP) 3 interface meetings held (presentations and collaboration possibilities / choice of the boundaries between the 2 projects / exchange of data / choice of a common coupling scheme) HYSAFE : first meeting on October 2005 (Karlsruhe) / presentation and collaboration topics to be defined today (DLR attended too) EXTREMAT / first contacts ongoing HYWAYS (via INNOHYP-CA) (data to be given from HYTHEC industrial scale-up studies) INNOHYP-CA (S_I and WH cycles characteristics given, participation to meetings) HYTHEC Consortium Agreement upgraded

19. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Enhancing cooperation and future perspectives (1/2) Other collaborations / partners initiatives CEA : USA (S_I cycle (demonstration loop, R&D), Japan (R&D), Korea (R&D), ENEA, CIEMAT) USFD : working group with Westinghouse, PBMR (Republic of South Africa), SRNL, ORNL and University of South Carolina DLR : European Colaboration within the SOLLAB Alliance, and SOLAR PACES DIMI : participation to a national initiative

20. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 Enhancing cooperation and future perspectives (2/2) Develop the collaborations with other European and national projects : both for the data, knowledge and boundary conditions exchanges, and for an appropriate comparative evaluation with other processes R&D necessary for high temperature processes (basic knowledge, materials) / need of technological breakthroughs ? In addition, never forget the large-scale aspects, including component pre-design, coupling to the primary heat source, safety, chemical and materials used, and of course costs (credibility, R&D needs pointed out too), Demonstration steps

21. Technology Platform Operation Review Days, Brussels 8th-9th December 2005 THANK YOU DANKE GRAZIE GRACIAS MERCI THE HYTHEC TEAM