1. Mixing State of Aerosols: Excess Atmospheric Absorption Paradox Shekhar Chandra Graduate Student, EAS Term Paper Presentation for EAS-6410

2. Introduction: Excess Atmospheric Absorption Paradox? Mixing State of Aerosols? Externally Mixed Internally Mixed Layered (Core- Shell) Structure

3. Mixing State of Aerosols Different Cases of Mixing State: Case-1; Case-2 Case-3; Case-4 Internally Mixed

4. Optical Properties of Aerosols Extinction Coefficient (km -1 ) Optical Depth (unit less) Radiative Forcing (W/m -2 ) Absorption Coefficient Scattering Coefficient TOA Forcing (W/m -2 ) Surface Forcing (W/m -2 ) Atmospheric Forcing (W/m -2 ) TOA Surface

5. Radiative Impact of Aerosol on Climate Direct Impact Indirect Impact Scattering and Absorption of Radiation Alter Cloud Properties

6. Motivation Recent studies suggest that clear sky absorbs more short wave model than predicted my radiative transfer models (Arking et al., 1996; Halthore et al., 1998; Sato et al., 2003). Overestimation of diffuse downward irradiance by 9-40% at the surface in a cloud-free atmosphere while correctly calculating direct normal solar irradiance (Halthore et al., 1998). Unidentified absorber in the atmosphere (Halthore et al., 1998; Sato et al., 2003)

7. Some observers reported an agreement between models and observations within instrumental uncertainties (Cess et al., 1995; Kiehl et al., 1998; Satheesh et al., 1999). In précis some investigators report excellent agreement while other report discrepancy between models and observations. Optical properties of aerosols may significantly differ in case of internally mixed aerosols (Jacobson, M.Z.,2001). Motivation

8. Outline for Current Case Study In this study, data set is size-segregated aerosol composition along with observations from ground based radiometers over Arabian Sea. ARMEX-2003

10. Observed Facts from ARMEX Over tropical Indian Ocean, during Moist season (August) estimated surface diffuse radiative fluxes exceed observations by ~92 Wm -2. Same results showing excess absorption were reported by Charlock et al., (2003) Investigators have reported that during the moist season (July- August) average optical depth was as high as ~0.7. If we consider case-I (BC shell and sulfate core), corresponding reduction in diffuse radiation will be around 200 Wm -2 It was proposed by Sato et al., (2003) that estimations and observations do agree well if we increase the BC by a factor ~2-3

11. Other Facts are: Recent experiments over southern Arabian Sea have shown that the amount of BC mass fraction reduces from 11% during Jan- March to 0.5% in June (Babu, S.S., et al., 2004). Thus the possibility of increasing BC by a factor ~2-3 to let observed and modeled fluxes agree is an impossibility. In general: Optical Depth is going up SSA is going down (Absorption is more) Forcing is more

12. Case-I: BC in shell with Sulfate while all other species are externally mixed Case-II: BC in core with Sulfate while all other species are externally mixed Case-III: BC in shell with Sea-Salt while all other species externally mixed Case-IV: BC in core with Sea-Salt while all other species are externally mixed Case-V: All species are externally mixed Different cases of mixing of BC (black carbon) with other aerosol species

13. Methodology of mixing and simulations Ratio of core to shell size is constant Shell thickness is constant

14. Tools Used Mie treatment of coated sphere for estimating optical properties SBDART for estimating radiative forcing

15. SSA for different mixing cases of aerosols

16. Optical depth contribution of different aerosol types at 550 nm

17. 28% BC aerosols are assumed to be forming core-shell with sea-salt Over Arabian Sea in August-2003

18. Précis Mixing state of aerosols may have possible linkage with ‘excess’ atmospheric absorption issue and mismatch between models and observations Past estimates of climate forcing due to anthropogenic aerosols represent the lower bound and actual values may be higher than the current estimates IPCC has primarily focused on anthropogenic forcing but current study suggests that when natural and anthropogenic aerosols co-exist in core-shell form, one must talk about composite forcing