1. Enough is Enough

2. 1) General Amnesty Act of 1872 2) Grant’s Presidency 3) Panic of 1873 4) Recall of troops in 1877

3. * South claims US isn’t a democracy because they cannot elect some Democrats - Valid Point * Congress allows former CSA officials to hold public office * Southern Democrats take hold of state positions

4. * President Grant’s (a Republican) cabinet is corrupt and scandals break out * People move away from Republican party as a result * Grant thought of as one of worst Presidents

5. * US economy goes into a severe recession (2 million unemployed of 36 million) * People increasingly choose Democrats to try to fix the problems

6. * Laissez-faire capitalism * Social Darwinism * Scientific Racism * Less compassion for classes and races that did not rise to the top.

7. * Army that Congress sent to South to supervise Reconstruction were called back in 1877 by President Rutherford B. Hayes * Effectively ends supervision in the South * Southern Democrats (segregationists) are now in control

9. * Republicans become more interested in promoting industrial development. * The South begins to produce more than just cotton.

10. * Radical Republicans lose popularity. * Many Americans do not want to spend federal money to help African-Americans (the minority)

12. * Poll Tax - a fee to vote (stops poor from voting) * Literacy Tests - Had to read a paragraph to vote (Blacks given harder passages) * Grandfather Clause - You could avoid a poll tax or literacy test if your grandfather voted prior to 1867. * Blacks were poor, uneducated, and had no grandfathers who voted. * These laws stopped Blacks (Republicans) from voting, allowing Democrats to gain control

13. * Jim Crow laws - Laws that forced separation of whites and Blacks * Separating the races is called segregation * Examples of Jim Crow laws * Separate areas in theaters, restaurants, and railcars * Different schools for whites and Blacks

14. * Several cases went to Supreme Court saying that segregation and Jim Crow laws were in violation of the 14th Amendment * Court rules the 14th Amendment only pertains to government actions, so private people and businesses can segregate

15. * Supreme Court hears case of Homer Plessy being arrested for refusing to leave a “whites only” railcar * Decision - Arrest is upheld. Furthermore, the Court states that segregation is legal as long as there are “Separate but Equal” facilities * “Equal” means that both Blacks and whites have access to the object (example - black water fountain is rusty emitter of dirty water, white fountain is great = legal - they both have a water fountain

16. * Southern economy rebuilt and more diverse (not just cotton anymore) * Education in place for both whites and blacks * Black colleges and universities created * Blacks received temporary rights in government and society

17. * Blacks lose rights at the end of the Reconstruction Era * Sharecropping is the main job of blacks in the South (not much better than slavery) * Governments in the South run by racist leaders and supported by courts * Jim Crow South established - no future for blacks