2. HI 202 Reconstruction to the Present

3. Home of the Brave and Land of the Free

4. What is liberty? a. The condition of being free from restriction or control.a. The condition of being free from restriction or control. b. The right and power to act, believe, or express oneself in a manner of one's own choosing.b. The right and power to act, believe, or express oneself in a manner of one's own choosing. c. The condition of being physically and legally free from confinement, servitude, or forced labor.c. The condition of being physically and legally free from confinement, servitude, or forced labor.

5. Negative Liberty Freedom of interference from outside authority with individual behavior (Freedom from…)Freedom of interference from outside authority with individual behavior (Freedom from…)Examples: American RevolutionAmerican Revolution Bill of RightsBill of Rights Civil WarCivil War

6. Positive Liberty Open-ended concept. Expand notions of equity, justice, social welfare, opportunityOpen-ended concept. Expand notions of equity, justice, social welfare, opportunity Best understood as freedom to…Best understood as freedom to…Example: Civil War amendments Civil War amendments ReconstructionReconstruction 1960s1960s Affirmative actionAffirmative action

8. Issues during Reconstruction What rights to former slaves have?What rights to former slaves have? Should former Confederates regain their citizenship rights?Should former Confederates regain their citizenship rights? Did the states legally leave the union?Did the states legally leave the union? Who has the constitutional authority to restore the Union?Who has the constitutional authority to restore the Union?

9. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Aid former slaves  1865-1871  Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

10. Freedmen’s Bureau School

11. Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

12. Land Redistribution?

13. Sharecropping

14. Black & White Political Participation

15. The Balance of Power in Congress StateWhite CitizensFreedmen SC291,000411,000 MS353,000436,000 LA357,000350,000 GA591,000465,000 AL596,000437,000 VA719,000533,000 NC631,000331,000

16. African Americans in Office 1870–1876 [110] [110] State State Legislators U.S. Senators U.S. Congressmen Alabama6904 Arkansas800 Florida3001 Georgia4101 Louisiana8701* Mississippi11221 North Carolina3001 South Carolina19006 Tennessee100 Texas1900 Virginia4600 Total63321

17. Black Senate & House Delegates

19. President Lincoln’s Plan  Second Inaugural Address “malice toward none, with charity for all”  10% Plan:Very lenient  Vetoes Wade-Davis Bill

21. Clockwise from top: John Wilkes Booth, Lewis Powell, David Herold, Michael O'Lauglin, John Surratt, Edman Spangler, Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt. Center: Mary Surratt

22. President Andrew Johnson  Jacksonian Democrat.  Anti-Aristocracy  10% Plus Plan: special pardons to wealthy and high up Confederates

23. Black Codes

25. Robert E. Lee’s House

26. Congress Breaks with the President  Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates.  February, 1866  President vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and Civil Rights Act.  Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes

27. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 * Restart Reconstruction. * Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

28. Impeachment Johnson fires Sec. of War Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office ActJohnson fires Sec. of War Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act

29. The Senate Trial  11 week trial.  Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

30. 14 th Amendment  Ratified in July, 1868. * Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people. * Insure against neo-Confederate political power.  15 th Amendment ratified 1870

31. The 1868 Republican Ticket

32. 1868 Presidential Election

33. 1872 Presidential Election

34. Colored Rule in the South?

36. The “Invisible Empire of the South” Klan Act of 1870-71Klan Act of 1870-71 Redemption: Southern Democrats regain control of politics early 1870sRedemption: Southern Democrats regain control of politics early 1870s “Lost Cause”“Lost Cause”

37. Supreme Court Rulings limited protection by federal government

38. Panic of 1873

39. 1876 Presidential Election

40. The Political Crisis of 1877  “Corrupt Bargain” Part II?

41. A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877