2. Learning Objectives DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWAREDESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF SOFTWARE EXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMSEXAMINE SYSTEM SOFTWARE & OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTIONEXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION ANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGESANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION LANGUAGES DESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENTDESCRIBE APPROACHES TO SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT*

3. Software DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION PROGRAM: Set of instructions (i.e., html) for computer to runPROGRAM: Set of instructions (i.e., html) for computer to run System Software: Manages computer resources, e.g., Win98.System Software: Manages computer resources, e.g., Win98. Application Software: MS Office, QVT-term, WS- FTP, etc.Application Software: MS Office, QVT-term, WS- FTP, etc. Utility Programs: add-on, supplementary programs; e.g., Mapedit.Utility Programs: add-on, supplementary programs; e.g., Mapedit.*

4. SOFTWARESOFTWARE HARDWARE HARDWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONS MANAGE DATA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; “FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE

5. Operating System MANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIES Allocation & Assignment of memory and other resourcesAllocation & Assignment of memory and other resources Scheduling (which program gets to use CPU time, and how)Scheduling (which program gets to use CPU time, and how) Monitoring for resource usage conflictsMonitoring for resource usage conflicts*

6. Multiprogramming OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE- PROGRAM SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT

7. Multitasking More than one program running on a single-user system such as PC. Note: different from multi-processing. * 6.7

8. Virtual Storage/Memory To allow one or many larger programs to run on the computer using relatively small amount of RAM (work area) Current portions reside in primary storageCurrent portions reside in primary storage Portions swapped out to HD when donePortions swapped out to HD when done*

9. Time Sharing MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS)TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS) EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICEEACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE, like a master chess playerSINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE, like a master chess player*

10. Multiprocessing Two or more parallel processors in systemTwo or more parallel processors in system Program can be divided to be processed by multiple CPUsProgram can be divided to be processed by multiple CPUs Can process large programs more rapidlyCan process large programs more rapidly “Cosmic Cube” and Inktomi search engine“Cosmic Cube” and Inktomi search engine* 6.10

11. Language Translation SOURCE CODE: your programSOURCE CODE: your program COMPILER: convert your program into machine languageCOMPILER: convert your program into machine language OBJECT CODE (aka binary code or bi-code): ready to run program, executables.OBJECT CODE (aka binary code or bi-code): ready to run program, executables.*

12. Interpreter vs. Compiler Interpreter translate one line at a time for execution. For example, Basic and JavascriptInterpreter translate one line at a time for execution. For example, Basic and Javascript Compilers translate the whole program before executionCompilers translate the whole program before execution

13. Graphical User Interface (GUI)  Uses Recognition Memory rather than Recall Memory (used in command-driven interface)  More user friendly * 6.13

14. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES DOS DOS Windows 95, 98, Me Windows NT, 2K (NT5) Windows CE For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640K 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices OS/2

15. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES UNIX For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer Platforms Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; Multimedia 6.15 Linux UNIX on PC

16. Generations Of Programming Languages 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES * 6.16

17. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). Scientific, Engineering applicationsFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction ProcessingCOBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction Processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC LanguageBASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC Language* 6.17

18. High-level Languages PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / OutputPASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / Output C and C++. Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross PlatformC and C++. Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Platform PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & SciencePL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & Science ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for BusinessADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for Business* 6.18

19. Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) Address the “expertise” requirement of “right” tool. Relatively easy to useAddress the “expertise” requirement of “right” tool. Relatively easy to use NonproceduralNonprocedural Can develop applications more quicklyCan develop applications more quickly Use “Natural Languages” *Use “Natural Languages” * 6.20

20. Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) 1. Query Languages (e.g., SQL) rapidly retrieve datarapidly retrieve data interactive/ on-lineinteractive/ on-line may use NATURAL LANGUAGEmay use NATURAL LANGUAGE support special requests for data from relational databasessupport special requests for data from relational databases* 6.21

21. Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) 2. Report Generators 3. Graphics Languages 4. Application Generators (e.g., InterDev)* 6.22

22. Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) SQL will be used in Project 3, and IFPS will be used in Projects 5 and 6 to demonstrate the capability and limitations of 4GL * 6.23

23. SOFTWARE TOOLS WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION GRAPHICSPRESENTATION GRAPHICS INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITESINTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES E-MAILE-MAIL WEB BROWSERSWEB BROWSERS GROUPWAREGROUPWARE* 6.26

24. Object-Oriented Programming JAVA: Sun Microsystem’s Object-Oriented programming language Applet: small programs for specific functions (e.g., “hit” counters)Applet: small programs for specific functions (e.g., “hit” counters) Applets downloaded from networkApplets downloaded from network “Cross-platform”“Cross-platform” Only the network software needs upgradeOnly the network software needs upgrade*