1. MEMORY

2. Introduction
Memory - the ability to retain information over time through three processes:
Encoding - getting information in
Storing - retaining
Retrieving - getting it back out

3. Activity 1 - Stare at the picture for one minute
Activity 1 - Stare at the picture for one minute. When instructed to do so, turn that page over and answer the questions from the “memory quiz.”

4. A. Three Types of Memory
Objectives 6.1; 6.2; 6.3
1. Information Processing Model (or, 3 stage processing)
Sensory Memory
Working (Short-Term) Memory
Long-Term Memory

5. Info-Processing Model - Graphic
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
Working Memory
Encode
Encode
Forgotten
Forgotten

6. B. Sensory Memory
Initial process that holds incoming information for an instant to several seconds
Functions
Prevents being overwhelmed
Gives decision time
Provides stability, playback and recognition
3. 2 types
Iconic - visual
Echoic - auditory

7. Memorize!
Look at each of the following for 20 seconds. When I say stop, write down what you remember.
T X W M K Y R K L

8. C. Short Term Memory: Working
1. Definition
Hold limited amount of info: 7 items for 2 to 30 seconds
2. Two features
Limited duration & capacity
Maintenance rehearsal - intentionally repeating or rehearsing

9. 3. Interference 4. Chunking
When new info enters short-term memory and pushes out info that is already there
4. Chunking
Combining separate items of info into a larger unit, or chunk

10. 5. Functions of short-term memory
Attending
Selectively attend to info that is relevant
Rehearsing
Hold info for a short period of time
Storing
Helps encode info into long-term memory

11. Activity 2
Follow the instructions on the sheet provided to you - no talking! Then listen to the following statements.

12. Practice Quiz
The initial kind of memory which holds information in a “raw” form for a few seconds is called:
Short-term memory
Sensory memory
Chunking memory
Long-term memory

13. 2. Iconic memory is a form of sensory memory which holds:
a. auditory information
b. visual information
c. general knowledge, facts & definitions
d. knowledge about performing motor skills

14. 3. An unlimited amount of information can be stored in:
a. sensory memory
b. long-term memory
c. working memory
d. echoic memory

15. 4. Short-term memory is also referred to as:
a. working memory
b. sensory memory
c. semantic memory
d. long-term memory

16. 5. A main reason information disappears from short-term memory is:
a. interference
b. lack of rehearsal
c. lack of motivation
d. low intelligence

17. Sour
Nice
Candy
Honey
Sugar
Soda
Bitter
Chocolate
Good
Heart
Taste
Cake
Tooth
Tart
Pie

18. D. Long-Term Memory: Storing
Process of storing almost unlimited amount of info over long periods of time
Potential to retrieve (remember)
Need encoding and retrieval
Primacy-recency effect

19. 2. Types of Long-term memory
Declarative
Semantic - Knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions and language rules
Episodic - Knowledge of specific event, personal experiences or activities
Procedural (nondeclarative)
Memories for motor skills, some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

20. F. Encoding: Transferring
1. Two kinds of encoding
a. Automatic encoding
w/o effort and usually w/o awareness
What did you eat for breakfast today?
Was the last time you studied during the day or night?
You know the meanings of these very words you are reading. Are you actively trying to process the definition of the words?

21. b. Effortful encoding
working hard to rehearse info or by making associations between new & old info
Memorizing your notes for your upcoming exams
Repeating a phone number in you head until you can write it down

22. c. Rehearsing & Encoding
Maintenance rehearsal - repeating w/o new associations
Elaborative rehearsal - using effort to actively make meaningful associations between new & old info

23. Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded
d. Levels of processing
Theory says that remembering depends on how information is encoded
Shallow processing: poor recall
Deeper and deepest processing: encode by making new associations

24. G. Repressed Memories
Process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious minds
Controversy: Implanting false memories: Elizabeth Loftus’ research

26. H. Cultural Diversity

27. I. Unusual Memories 1. Photographic memory 2. Flashbulb memory
Eidetic imagery: occurs in children
2. Flashbulb memory
Encoded effortlessly & in great detail

28. What are the 20 digits of pi?

29. The amount of information that can be processed in working memory is typically increased through:
a. mood convergence
b. chunking
c. elaborative rehearsal
d. free recall

30. 2. Working memory performs three functions
2. Working memory performs three functions. Which of the following is NOT among the three functions?
a. holds information for a short period of time
b. promotes storage in long-term memory
c. selectively attend to information that is relevant
d. provides a location for network nodes

31. 3. Carlos memorizes a list of 10 grocery items that he needs to buy later that day at SuperOne supermarket. When at the grocery store, he will have the greatest difficulty remembering the:
a. ones in the middle of the list
b. first one on the list
c. last item
d. next to last item

32. 4. Cultures that value oral traditions tend to perform better on memory tasks that require encoding of information:
a. organized in hierarchies
b. presented as part of a play or drama
c. presented rapidly
d. presented orally

33. 5. Create a network hierarchy.

34. Module 12: Remembering & Forgetting

35. A. Organization of Memories
Network theory of memory
organization
theory says that we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes
a. Associations
linking of nodes together by making associations between new and old information
b. Network
thousands of interconnected nodes, which form an enormous cognitive network for arranging and storing files

36. c. Organization of network hierarchy
Arranging memory files (nodes) so that general information is broken down into more specific info
Create a personal example in your notes

37. B. Forgetting Curves Unfamiliar and uninteresting
Familiar and interesting

38. C. Reasons for Forgetting
1. Overview: forgetting
inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory
Repression

39. C. Reasons for Forgetting
2. How do we forget?
a. poor retrieval cues/poor encoding
retrieval cues are mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new & old information

40. b. Interference
recall of some particular memory is blocked by other related memories
Proactive interference
occurs when old information (learned earlier) WORKS FORWARD to block or disrupt the remembering of related new information (learned later)
Retroactive interference
occurs when new information (learned later) WORKS BACKWARD to block or disrupt the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier)

41. c. Amnesia The Rumor Chain d. Distortion
may be temporary or permanent, is loss of memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain or after disease
The Rumor Chain
d. Distortion
we misremember something due to memory distortions caused by bias or suggestibility
Schema - a mental category or construct

42. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Retrieval cues
mental reminders that you create by forming vivid mental images of information, or associating new information with information that you already know
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
refers to having a strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled, but despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall this particular information

43. D. Biological Bases of Memory

44. E. Mnemonics: Memorization Methods
Method of Loci
Let’s take a walk around the house!
Peg Method
One = bun
Two = shoe
Four = door
Five = hive
Six = sticks
Seven = heaven
Eight = gate
Nine = vine
Ten = hen