2. Many studies have shown that older adults suffer from cognitive decline associated with aging, such as slowing and reduction in working memory Older adults also have difficulty with short–term memory and remembering recent events that have happened in the last few days. Moreover older adults usually have problems with forgetting names and object locations

3. One of the explanations for the decline of memory with age is The Speed Hypothesis. “ A slowing with age in speed of perceiving or encoding. “

4. Disuse Hypothesis Older adults are less likely to use strategies that are tested in laboratory because older adults are more likely to rely on external memory aids.

5. Older adults may tend to select less effective memorization strategies.

6. The Resource Reduction Hypothesis One of the most important resources that might decline with age is short-term memory.

7. The mnemonic techniques associated with three Rs are as follow : 1- Recoding information that is meaningfully represented. 2) Relating information that has been incorporated with other information is more memorable than that which is not incorporated. 3) Retrieving desired response.

8. Mnemonic strategies have emerged as one of the most powerful instructional techniques in education for promoting the acquisition of academic content.

9. Mnemonic strategies have helped instructors organize and remember information presented in their lectures.

10. The generally accepted definition of Mnemonic strategies is: “Systematic procedures for transforming difficult-to-remember stimuli into more easily remembered stimuli.”

11. Mnemonic strategies can be divided into two major categories based on what the individuals wants to learn with the related information. These two categories are: Encoding Mnemonics and Organizational Mnemonics

12. Encoding Mnemonics Involve the individual’s associating a piece of information that has just been received with some other piece that the individual is already familiar with.

13. Organizational Mnemonics, on the other hand, satisfy the individual’s need to organize incoming information in a particular order.

14. ENCODING MNEMONIC STRATEGIES The Face-Name Strategy The Keyword Strategy The Phonetic Mnemonic System

15. ORGANIZATIONAL MNEMONIC STRATEGIES Link items together The Method of Loci Peg word Strategy

16. Unfortunately, some studies have shown that mnemonic strategies did not help older adults to recall information, or to help them improve their memory.