1. Typhoid Fever Dr. Jenny Cho Dr. Jennifer Nam Dr. Jinna Pak Dr. Andrew W. Yoon

2. What is Typhoid Fever? threatens life with illness caused by bacterium Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and then spread common in developing countries affecting 12.5 million people each year passed from person to person through poor hygiene (e.g. no hand washing after toilet use)

3. Typhoid Fever Copyright © 2001 Dennis Kunkel Microsocpy, Inc. / Dennis Kunkel

4. Treatments antibiotics could be used: ✓ Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole, Amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin if not treated, takes 3 weeks ~ month to be cured only 10% - 30% of untreated cases Intravenous fluids and Electrolytes may be given there are increasing amount of antibiotic resistance, must be careful

5. SYMPTOMS the sickness lasts for about 4 - 6 weeks the patient may experience: ✓ poor appetite ✓ headaches ✓ generalised aches and pains ✓ fever ✓ lethargy ✓ diarrhoea

6. sustained fever as high as 39 - 40 degrees Celsius (103 - 104 degrees Fahrenheit) stuffy chest pain and discomfort in stomach fever becomes continuous about 10% of the patients have repeating symptoms after feeling okay for 1 -2 weeks ✓ common in individuals treated with antibiotics SYMPTOMS

7. Transmission Salmonella Typhi – original bacteria that only lives in humans People with typhoid fever carry bacteria in their bloodstreams and intestinal Even when people recover from the fever they continue to carry the bacteria can be spread by food or drink that have been handled by people who owns Salmonella Typhi can also spread by the contaminated sewage that extends to water

8. Transmission when bacteria is eaten or drunk, they multiply and spread in to bloodstream: fever & other signs and symptoms infected people are highly prohibited of traveling Asia, Africa, Central and South America are most exposed

9. LOcation Originated in New York in 20 th century common in most parts in the world industrialized regions such as United States, Canada, western Europe, Australia, Japan precautions when traveling travelers from US to Asia, Africa, Latin America owned highest risks over the last decade

10. How to Prevent it Wash your hands ✓ use hot and soapy water ✓ carry an alcohol based sanitizer and use it when water isn’t accessible

11. How to Prevent it  Try to mot drink untreated water often o drink bottled beverages o carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water  Eat hot foods whenever you have the chance o best when steaming hot o food from street vendors are more likely to be contaminated  Avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables as much as possible o may have been washed in unsafe water o eating fruits and veggies that you can peel (i.e. oranges) is ideal o Get the typhoid fever vaccine ASAP

12. Cause  bacteria (Salmonella) in contaminated water or food

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