1. Michael A. Hitt C. Chet Miller Adrienne Colella stress and well-being

2. K NOWLEDGE O BJECTIVES  Define stress and distinguish among different types of stress.  Understand how the human body reacts to stress and be able to identify the signs of suffering from too much stress.  Describe two important models of workplace stress and discuss the most common work-related stressors.  Recognize how different people experience stress.  Explain the individual and organizational consequences of stress.  Discuss methods that associates, managers, and organizations can use to manage stress and promote well-being. ?

3. S TRESS Feeling of tension when a person perceives a situation exceeds their ability to cope.

4. J OB S TRESS Feeling that one’s capabilities, resources, or needs do not match the demands or requirements of the job.

5. S TRESS T YPES Acute  Short-term  Reaction to an immediate threat Chronic  Long-term  Reaction to an ongoing situation

6. Adapted from Exhibit 7-1: Some Stress-Related Conditions Alertness and Excitement Increase in Energy Uneasiness and Worry Feelings of Sadness Loss of Appetite Immune System Suppression Increased Metabolism Diabetes High Blood Pressure Loss of Sex Drive Lowered Resistance Anxiety and Panic Attacks Depression Eating Disturbances Irritability ACUTE STRESS CHRONIC STRESS

7. S TRESS … G OOD OR B AD ? Eustress  Positive stress  Energizing  Motivating  Improves performance Dystress  Negative stress  Physiological problems  Psychological problems

8. S IGNS OF D YSTRESS  Feel irritable  Sleeping difficulties  Joyless life  Disturbed appetite  Relationship problems

9. T WO M ODELS OF W ORKPLACE S TRESS Demand-Control  Workplace demands faced  Control exerted in meeting demands Effort-Reward Imbalance  Effort required  Rewards received as a result of effort

10. D EMAND -C ONTROL M ODEL Passive Active (EUSTRESS) High Strain (DYSTRESS) Low Strain Job Demands Job Control High Low HighLow Adapted from Exhibit 7-2: The Demand-Control Model of Workplace Stress

11. E FFORT -R EWARD I MBALANCE M ODEL Adapted from Exhibit 7-3: The Effort-Reward Imbalance Model of Stress OvercommitmentOvercommitment High Effort Low Reward Demands Obligations Pay Esteem

12. S TRESSORS  Role Conflict  Role Ambiguity  Work Overload  Occupation  Resource Inadequacy  Working conditions  Management Style  Monitoring  Job Insecurity  Incivility

13. Individual Influences on Stress Personality Self- esteem HardinessGender

14. P ERSONALITY T YPES Type A  Competitive  Aggressive  Impatient Type B  Less Competitive  Less Aggressive  Patient

15. S ELF -E STEEM High Self-Esteem  Greater well-being  More resistant to stressors  Engage in positive coping behaviors Low Self-Esteem  Withdrawn  Procrastinate  Less resistant to effects of stressors  Engage in negative coping behaviors

16. H IGH H ARDINESS  Internal commitment to activities  Internal locus of control  Seek challenge  Less negative reactions to stress

17. G ENDER  Women  Seek more ‘emotional’ social support  Seek more ‘instrumental’ social support  Engage in more positive self-talk  Exhibit rumination  Experience more stress in the workplace

18. Psychological AnxietyAnxiety DepressionDepression Low self-esteemLow self-esteem SleeplessnessSleeplessness FrustrationFrustration Family problemsFamily problems BurnoutBurnoutBehavioral Excessive smokingExcessive smoking Substance abuseSubstance abuse Accident pronenessAccident proneness Appetite disordersAppetite disorders ViolenceViolencePhysiological High blood pressureHigh blood pressure Muscle tensionMuscle tension HeadachesHeadaches Ulcers, skin diseasesUlcers, skin diseases Impaired immune systemsImpaired immune systems Musculoskeletal disordersMusculoskeletal disorders Heart diseaseHeart disease CancerCancer I NDIVIDUAL C ONSEQUENCES OF S TRESS

19. O RGANIZATIONAL C ONSEQUENCES OF S TRESS Absenteeism Diminished Productivity Compensation Claims Health Insurance Direct Medical Expenses Adapted from Exhibit 7-4: Managerial Costs of Job Stress Estimated cost to American industry of job stress $200 billion per year

20. Proper Diet Social- Support Networks Relaxation Techniques Exercise I NDIVIDUAL S TRESS M ANAGEMENT

21. O RGANIZATIONAL S TRESS M ANAGEMENT Increase individuals’ autonomy and control Ensure individuals are compensated properly Maintain job demands/requirements at healthy levels Ensure associates have adequate skills to keep up-to-date with technical changes in the workplace

22. O RGANIZATIONAL S TRESS M ANAGEMENT Increase associate involvement in important decision making Improve physical working conditions Provide job security and career development Provide healthy work schedules Improve communication to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity

23. S TRATEGIC LENS Check out http://wileymanagementupdates.com/http://wileymanagementupdates.com/ for daily articles related to management in the news.  How can good stress be distinguished from bad stress? How much stress is too much stress?  How can managing stress in an organization contribute to improved strategy implementation and organizational performance?  How much stress do you currently experience? How can reducing your stress increase your performance in school and enhance your life in general?