1. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Greening Business: An online teaching resource Session 3 Session 3: Life Cycle Analysis Suggested session outline

2. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness How to use the teaching slides These slides are not intended to form a complete lecture on the session topic. These resources are designed to suggest a framework to help tutors develop their own lecture material These resources may be used for undergraduate educational purposes only, for other uses please contact the author When using these resources full acknowledgement to the originator and source should be made. These slides were last updated in February 2010

3. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Disclaimer Links within this presentation may lead to other sites. These are provided for convenience only. We do not sponsor, endorse or otherwise approve of any information or statements appearing in those sites. The author is not responsible for the availability of, or the content located on or through, any such external site. While every effort and care has been taken in preparing the content of this presentation, the author disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy of the information in any of the content. The author also (to the extent permitted by law) shall not be liable for any losses or damages arising from the use of, or reliance on, the information. The author is also not liable for any losses or damages arising from the use of, or reliance on sites linked to this site, or the internet generally. Pictures, photographs and diagrams within this presentation have been produced by the author unless otherwise stipulated No content within this resource is knowingly an infringement of copyright. Any infringement can be immediately rectified on notification of the author of the resource

4. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Session outline 1.What is Life Cycle Analysis? 2.Why is Life Cycle Analysis used? 3.What are the difficulties associated with Life Cycle Analysis? 4.Case studies

5. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness What is Life Cycle Analysis? Life Cycle Analysis involves ‘cradle to grave’ considerations (Photo: Stephen Whitfield)

6. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Why consider Life Cycle Analysis? ?

7. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Barriers to adopting a LCA approach There are several barriers to adopting a LCA approach (Photo: Zoe Robinson)

8. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Life Cycle Analysis considerations Impact Resource extraction Manufacturing Use Disposal Transport An LCA allows the impacts at different stages of a product’s lifecycle to be determined, helping future ‘greening’ efforts to focus on the areas of greatest impact

9. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness LCA considerations Raw materials and energy Extraction and processing of raw materials Manufacture Distribution and retailing Use, reuse & maintenance Waste management Functional outputs; emissions to air, water, land Adapted from IEMA (2005)

10. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Impacts A wide range of impacts can be considered in an LCA (Source: Foto43 (flickr.com))

11. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Using Life Cycle Analysis TIME There has been a growth in the number of databases available for use in LCAs

12. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Requirements of an LCA LCAs are carried out at different scales and can be done ‘in house’ (Source: morticide (flickr.com))

13. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness The limitations of LCA Setting boundaries is an important part of designing an achievable LCA

14. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Reporting on a LCA

15. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Carrying out an LCA Carrying out an LCA first involves defining the purpose, audience and boundaries (Source: The Marque (flickr.com))

16. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness 1) Defining the goal A life cycle analysis flow chart for milk from farming processes to household consumption – where are the boundaries of your study?

17. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness 2) Collecting the data (Inventory analysis) Process stage Emission type (mg) Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Total Dust110060091709 CO2207301101060 CO 2 470,0002,100,00021,0002.6 x 10 6 SO x 3100740023010730 NO x 4000770018011880 HCl26<1-26 Methane81002700-10800 Example of an inventory table relating to release to air from the manufacture of 1 kg of product X

18. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness 3) Assessing the impact Examples of impact categories and indicators Example impact categories Example Indicator Global climate changeGlobal warming potential (GWP) in CO 2 equivalents AcidificationLoading of acidification potential as H + equivalents EutrophicationLoading of nutrients and organic substances that may decrease oxygen Photochemical smogLoading of VOC emissions as photochemical ozone formation potential and NO x Human toxicityNo agreed indicator - may include carcinogens etc. ResourcesDepletion rate of each mineral resource

19. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Production considerations Transportation of raw material may be just one of many production considerations in an LCA

20. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Usage considerations Scrap metal – the end point of the life cycle of many products. The durability of a product is an important consideration in life cycle analysis (Source: ahisgett (Flickr))

21. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness Disposal considerations What happens to a product at the end of it’s ‘life’ may have a big effect on a product’s overall life cycle impact (Photo: nicholas.boullosa (Flickr.com))

22. Dr Zoe Robinson, Keele University, z.p.robinson@keele.ac.uk Greening Business: An online teaching resource. www.esci.keele.ac.uk/greeningbusiness References and further resources Centre for Sustainable Design: facilitates discussion and research on eco-design and environmental, economic, ethical and social considerations in product and service development and design www.cfsd.org.ukwww.cfsd.org.uk Ecocycle: newsletter covering LCA developments including evaluation of LCA software tools www.ec.gc.ac/ecocyclewww.ec.gc.ac/ecocycle IEMA (2005) Environmental Management in Organizations. Earthscan. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. http://www.springerlink.com/content/112849/ http://www.springerlink.com/content/112849/ Pacific Institute (2007) Hummer versus Prius. “Dust to dust” report misleads the media and public with bad science www.pacinst.org/topics/...of.../hummer_versus_prius.html www.pacinst.org/topics/...of.../hummer_versus_prius.html Rocky Mountain Institute (undated) Checking Dust to Dust assumptions about the Prius and Hummer http://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Transportation/T07- 01_DustToDust.pdfhttp://www.rmi.org/images/PDFs/Transportation/T07- 01_DustToDust.pdf Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) http://www.setac.org/http://www.setac.org/ SimaPro LCA software http://www.pre.nl/simapro/http://www.pre.nl/simapro/ Unilever (2009). Life Cycle Assessment (contains links to several LCA reports) http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/environment/manufacturing/lifecycleassessm ent/ http://www.unilever.com/sustainability/environment/manufacturing/lifecycleassessm ent/