1. www.leonardo-energy.org Environmental Performance of Cables, Motors & Transformers Hans De Keulenaer European Copper Institute hdk@eurocopper.org Web event February 10, 2006 14h00 – 15h00 Europe Standard Time

2. www.leonardo-energy.org Content  Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY  The W’s of the toolbox  Examples  Demonstration  How to work with the toolbox

3. www.leonardo-energy.org What is Leonardo ENERGY?  A partnership between industry & academia on sustainable electrical energy – Outreach Training & professional development – Advocacy Energy policy & regulation

4. www.leonardo-energy.org Leonardo ENERGY campaigns  Distributed generation & renewables  Efficiency & eco- design  Electric motors  Green building  Home of the future  Lighting  Policy & finance  Power Quality  Transformers  Transport Website: www.leonardo-energy.orgwww.leonardo-energy.org

5. Leonardo ENERGY activities  Application notes  Articles  Briefing papers  Direct (e)mail  Minute lectures  Polls  Press articles  Reports  Seminars  Software Tools  Surveys  Webcasts  Web events  Workshops

6. www.leonardo-energy.org Content  Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY  The W’s of the toolbox  Examples  Demonstration  How to work with the toolbox

7. www.leonardo-energy.org Why focus on (electrical) energy?  Environmental impacts from energy use: – To atmosphere: Sulphur emissions to atmosphere: 85% Carbon-dioxide: 78% Particulate emissions: 45% Lead emissions: 41% Non-methane hydrocarbon: 40% – Electricity consumes 40% of primary energy

8. www.leonardo-energy.org Reducing the environmental impact of electricity  2 approaches – Clean generation & efficient conversion Renewables Combined-cycle … – Efficient use Reduce the amount of electricity needed to provide an energy service

9. www.leonardo-energy.org Why an ecodesign toolbox?  For material producers: – Define environmental performance of active materials in the use phase ‘less’ is not always ‘more’  For equipment manufacturers: – Marketing tool for high efficiency – Environmental declaration  For energy users: – Declaration of improved environmental performance  For policy makers: – Environmental impact of policy measures on efficiency – Include externalities into policy making

10. www.leonardo-energy.org Why now? Availability of good LCI material databases Availability of tools allowing parametrized LCA Experience with LCA for electrical equipment Electrical equipment catalogs with large # varieties Ecodesign tool for parametrized LCA of equipment families

11. www.leonardo-energy.org Ecodesign toolbox - how  90% of environmental impact of electrical equipment is caused by electricity use  The remaining part is mainly caused by the extraction, production and transformation of materials  Life-cycle assessment for equipment can be simplified, based on good data for – Environmental profile for materials – Equipment lifetime, load, efficiency – Environmental profile of electricity

12. www.leonardo-energy.org Which life-cycle stages?  Production – Only material use  Use phase – Only electricity use, based on European grid mix  End-of-life – Credit for materials re-used

13. www.leonardo-energy.org Which impact categories?  materials use  energy use  climate change  photochemical oxidant formation  acidification  eutrophication  ozone layer depletion  end-of-life waste  Not included: toxicity, physical effects (noise, vibration, electromagnetic fields)

14. www.leonardo-energy.org Which equipment types?  Power cable  Overhead lines  Transformers – Dry-type – Oil-cooled  Motors

15. www.leonardo-energy.org Next steps  Generic equipment model – Bill-of-materials – Losses or energy use in kWh (no load modelling) – Including thermal equipment – How to handle power electronics?  Generic generation model – Major types of conventional generation – Wind, ocean, and photovoltaics – Not biomass

16. www.leonardo-energy.org Generation, conversion and end-use conversion equipment energy input energy output energy loss end-use equipment energy input energy service e.g. transformers, motors, cablese.g. appliances, pumps, lighting systems generation equipment primary energy carrier e.g. power stations, wind generators conversion loss ?

17. www.leonardo-energy.org Modelling Manufacturing Utilization End-of-Life

18. www.leonardo-energy.org Load modelling  Transformers:  Motors:  Cables:

19. www.leonardo-energy.org Content  Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY  The W’s of the toolbox  Examples  Demonstration  How to work with the toolbox

20. www.leonardo-energy.org Example 1: amorphous iron transformer 100 kVA – 10% loaded Material100 kVA AA’ 100 kVA CC’ 100 kVA Amorphous Oil (kg)142.5157.5195 Steel (kg)142.5157.5195 Copper (kg)85115155 Load loss (kW)1.751.475 No-load loss (kW)0.320.210.06

21. www.leonardo-energy.org Impact - numerical CML2001Acidification Potential (AP) [kg SO2- Equiv.] Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate- Equiv.] Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2- Equiv.] Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11- Equiv.] Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene- Equiv.] Life cycle (Type 1)230.1516.713474090.01344117.826 Manufacturing5.09110.386913790.000330421.0066 Utilization225.8116.441461700.01322317.079 Life cycle (Type 2)155.7511.29323100.009074812.264 Manufacturing6.65790.497521783.50.000403661.2407 Utilization150.3810.948307460.008805511.374 Life cycle (Type 3)56.2224.027119730.0032434.8235 Manufacturing7.8890.582932032.90.000488831.4863 Utilization50.0143.6414102260.00292863.7828

22. www.leonardo-energy.org Impact - graphical

23. www.leonardo-energy.org Example 2: High Efficiency Motors 1.5 kW – 33% loaded MaterialType 1Type 2Type 3 Aluminum (kg)0.650.840.88 Copper (kg)1.531.682.40 Steel (kg)11.115.918.3 Efficiency (%)77.480.783.8

24. www.leonardo-energy.org Impact - numerical CML2001Acidification Potential (AP) [kg SO2- Equiv.] Eutrophication Potential (EP) [kg Phosphate- Equiv.] Global Warming Potential (GWP 100 years) [kg CO2- Equiv.] Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP, steady state) [kg R11- Equiv.] Photochem. Ozone Creation Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene- Equiv.] Life cycle (Type 1)11.140.812294.86.51E-40.85 Manufacturing0.140.0138.394.67E-60.02 Utilization11.040.802257.16.46E-40.83 Life cycle (Type 2)9.190.671902.35.3E-40.70 Manufacturing0.190.0153.076.14E-60.02 Utilization9.040.661848.75.2E-40.68 Life cycle (Type 3)7.480.541557.14.3E-40.57 Manufacturing0.220.0262.37.51E-60.03 Utilization7.310.531494.44.3E-40.55

25. www.leonardo-energy.org Impact - graphical

26. www.leonardo-energy.org Content  Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY  The W’s of the toolbox  Examples  Demonstration  How to work with the toolbox

27. www.leonardo-energy.org Content  Introduction to Leonardo ENERGY  The W’s of the toolbox  Examples  Demonstration  How to work with the toolbox

28. www.leonardo-energy.org Practical  I-report models available on a royalty-free licence basis – E-mail request to hdk@eurocopper.orghdk@eurocopper.org – Complete licencing form – Receive package  Publisher models available on a royalty-bearing licence basis – E-mail request to hdk@eurocopper.orghdk@eurocopper.org – Order licence – Receive access to intranet with tools, models (including future models) and knowledge inventory

29. www.leonardo-energy.org Thank you for your attention