1. Shelby County ATC Sherry Allen, RN

2. Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood: Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration). Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from cellular respiration). Homeostatic Role: – Regulates blood pH. – Regulates blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

3. Ventilation – exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere Gas Exchange in pulmonary capillaries Breathing largely involuntary activity

4. All cells require oxygen for metabolism All cells require means to remove carbon dioxide Gas exchange at cellular level Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

6. upper respiratory tract – nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea lower respiratory tract – bronchial tree and lungs

7. nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane – mucus – cilia – olfactory receptors

8. Nasopharynx – Posterior to the nose – Contains adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils Oropharynx – Posterior to the mouth – Palatine tonsils Laryngopharynx – Superior to the larynx

9. Oropharynx and laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for both food and air Epiglottis acts as a lid or flap that covers the larynx and trachea (airway) so food does not enter the lungs.

10. Also known as the voice box Glottis (vocal apparatus) – vocal bands or vocal cords

11. Windpipe or airway Mucous membrane lining with cilia Smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings divides into two branches: – Right bronchi – Left bronchi

12. Bronchus, singular C-shaped cartilage rings with smooth muscle Each bronchi divides into bronchioles Terminate in air sacs called alveoli

13. Resembles a small balloon as it expands and contracts with the flow of air CO2 diffuses from the blood in the capillaries, enters the alveoli, and is exhaled On inspiration, O2 diffuses from the alveoli to enter the capillaries

14. thoracic thorax mediastinum – heart – aorta – esophagus – bronchi – thymus

15. Right-3 lobesLeft-2 lobes Lungs trachea

16. each lung enclosed in pleura parietal pleura (inner) visceral pleura (outer) pleural space or pleural cavity lubricating fluid

17. muscle separating chest and abdomen inspiration, diaphragm contracts and increases thoracic space – air flows in expiration, diaphragm relaxes and decreases thoracic space – air flows out phrenic nerve

18. External respiration - exchange of gases in lungs Internal respiration - exchange of gases within cells of the body organs and tissues Ventilation - movement of air – One inspiration and one exhalation = one Ventilation Adult normal 12 -20 breaths per minute (bpm)

19. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD – Term used to describe any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the ariways Dyspnea-Difficulty breathing Bradypnea – less than 12 bpm Tachypnea-greater than 20 bpm

20. Asthma – usually caused by a sensitivity to an allergen – Bronchospasms –narrow the opening of the bronchioles, productive cough, tightness in the chest – mucolytics, bronchodilators Chronic Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchi & bronchiole tubes – mucosal swelling, productive cough, chest pain – expectorants, bronchodilators, steroids Emphysema- noninfectious, chronic; walls of the alveoli deteriorate & lose their elasticity. Co2 remains trapped in the alveoli (suffocating feeling) – barrel-chest, dyspnea, orthopnea, can lead to respiratory failure and death

21. Acute infectious respiratory disease; highly contagious Viral Fever, chills, headache, myalgia, anorexia, sore throat Avoid aspirin in children

22. Pleurisy – Inflammation of the pleura or membranes of the lungs  Usually occurs with pneumonia or other lung infections  Symptoms: sharp stabbing pain while breathing, crepitation, dyspnea and fever  If fluid collects – thoracentesis can be done

23. Infectious, highly communicable disease aerosol transmission primary tuberculosis, tubercles immunocompromised effects other organ systems drug resistant strains

24.  Inflammation or infection of the lungs – fluid in alveoli  lobar, bilateral Hemoptyisis  Pneumocystis carinii lavage

25. Hereditary disorder, affects exocrine glands systemic involvement – lungs, pancreas, digestive tract Viscous mucus blocks bronchioles Gas exchange impaired

26. Surfactant – decreases the surface tension of the alveoli – needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand (compliance) Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) Adult respiratory distress syndrome

27. Primary Pulmonary Cancer Smoking is leading cause of ALL TYPES OF LUNG CANCERS common site: epithelium of bronchi – bronchogenic carcinoma – masses form and block air passages – metastasizes frequently to lymph noes, liver, bones, brain, or kidney

28. Laryngitis – inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords.

29. Upper Respiratory Infection – common cold Inflammation of the mucus membranes Caused by viruses and are highly contagious No cure last 7-10 days

30.  Internist  Perfusionist  Respiratory Therapist  Respiratory Therapy Technician  Thoracic Surgeon