1. Intelligence as Smart Heuristics
Markus Raab
Gerd Gigerenzer
Yi. Sangyoon

2. Intelligence as Smart Heuristics
Intelligence is thought of as an assembly of “factors,” either one(g), a few, or many.
Tool-driven metaphor (factor analysis)
Cannot describe how cognition translates into behavior.
Cognition -----(heuristics)-----Behavior
인지적 속도에 대한 측정 을 MC 라고 한다.

3. Heuristic
A mental device that can solve a class of problems in situations with limited knowledge and time.
Many classes of problems
 Many heuristics

4. Human Intelligence Cognition Behavior ….. building blocks
Make a Decision
Stop
Search
building blocks
Cognition
Behavior
adaptive toolbox
Smart heuristics

5. Bounded rationality Adaptive toolbox
의사결정자는 인지적 한계 때문에 문제의 단순화된 모델을 구성할 수밖에 없다. 그리고 이 단순화된 모델에 의거해서 의사결정자는 합리적으로 행위한다.
Herbert Simon(1955, 1956)
Adaptive toolbox
embodies an ecological and social view of rational behavior.
(Bounded Rationality by Herbert Simon)

6. In this chapter Examples of heuristics Adaptive toolbox
Ecological Rationality
Building blocks
Domain-specificity of Heuristics
Social / Nonsocial Intelligence
Program Review and Future

7. Examples of Heuristics
Recognition Heuristic
If one of two objects is recognized and the other is not, then infer that the recognized object has the higher value.
Gaze Heuristic
Attending to one variable alone and ignoring all causal relevant variable
Tic-for-Tat Heuristic
Imitates the partner’s behavior

8. Adaptive toolbox
These heuristics illustrate some of the mental tools that underlie intelligent behavior, both social and nonsocial.
Darwinian metaphor for intelligence
Evolution does not follow a grand plan, but results in patchwork of solution for specific problem : domain-specific
Heuristics are not intrinsically good or bad, rational or irrational, but only relative to an environment, just as adaptations are context-bound

9. Ecological Rationality
Intelligent behavior
Bounded rationality (Herbert Simon)
Being able to act fast and on the basis of incomplete information
(not need the fiction of a superintelligence)
cognition
environment

10. Building blocks Search rules Stopping rules Decision rules
Search for alternatives and cues
Stopping rules
Without explicit cost-benefit computations
Decision rules
How a decision is made after search has been stopped.
Ex) one-reason decision making

11. Domain-Specificity of Heuristics
Domain-specificity must be discussed relative to the level of analysis
Fast and frugal heuristics
No single statistical method
No optimal algorithm
A general inference machine is not feasible
Human intelligence has to achieve more than correct answers to a test, as is obvious when we come to social or emotional intelligence.

12. Social Intelligence
To discover and model the actual mechanisms the heuristics people use when dealing with others.
The framework of the adaptive toolbox provides precise models and a modular perspective that has different degrees of generality

13. Nonsocial Intelligence
Take The Best
Based on the first cue that favors one option over the other and ignores all other available information
Take The First
Limited search and quick stopping can be beneficial

14. Program Review and Future
Extended the notion of cognitive modules to lower-level system
Such as the sensory and motor domain
Neuropsychological evidence may provide further insights about possible instantiations of proposed cognitive heuristics

15. Program Review and Future
Heuristics cannot do (Shepard, 2001)
Lower cognitive processes
High-level (creative processes..)
There is substantial evidence for a heuristic that describes the discovery of new theories in the cognitive sciences, the tools-to-theories heuristic (Gigerinzer, 2000)
The adaptive toolbox provides a research agenda of how to study cognitive abilities in terms of smart heuristics.