1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Labaratorio #3 Tipos de Tejidos

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. TEJIDO EPITELIAL

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia

4. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia (Part 1 of 2)

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4-1 Classifying Epithelia (Part 2 of 2)

6. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-3 Squamous Epithelia Simple Squamous Epithelium Stratified Squamous Epithelium LOCATIONS: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina FUNCTIONS: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack Surface of tongue Squamous superficial cells Stem cells Basement membrane Connective tissue LM  310 Lining of peritoneal cavity Connective tissue Nucleus Cytoplasm LOCATIONS: Mesothelia lining ventral body cavities; endothelia lining heart and blood vessels; portions of kidney tubules (thin sections of nephron loops); inner lining of cornea; alveoli of lungs FUNCTIONS: Reduces friction; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion LM  238

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-4 Cuboidal and Transitional Epithelia Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium LOCATIONS: Glands; ducts; portions of kidney tubules; thyroid gland FUNCTIONS: Limited protection, secretion, absorption LOCATIONS: Lining of some ducts (rare) FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Transitional Epithelium FUNCTIONS: Permits expansion and recoil after stretching LOCATIONS: Urinary bladder; renal pelvis; ureters Kidney tubule Connective tissue Nucleus Cuboidal cells Basement membrane LM  650 LM  500 LM  400 Lumen of duct Sweat gland duct Urinary bladder LM  400 Empty bladder Stratified cuboidal cells Basement membrane Nuclei Connective tissue Full bladder Epithelium (relaxed) Basement membrane Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Epithelium (stretched) Connective tissue and smooth muscle layers Basement membrane

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-5 Columnar Epithelia LOCATIONS: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, absorption Simple Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; portions of male reproductive tract FUNCTIONS: Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium LOCATIONS: Small areas of the pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra FUNCTION: Protection Stratified Columnar Epithelium Cilia Microvilli Cytoplasm Intestinal lining Basement membrane Loose connective tissue LM  350 Nucleus Trachea Salivary gland duct Deeper basal cells Cytoplasm Nuclei Basement membrane Loose connective tissue LM  350 Loose connective tissue Superficial columnar cells Cytoplasm Nuclei Basement membrane Lumen LM  175

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands Duct SIMPLE GLANDS Gland cells SIMPLE TUBULAR SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR Examples: Intestinal glands Merocrine sweat stage in development of simple branched glands SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR Examples: Gastric glands Mucous glands Examples: Not found in adult; a SIMPLE ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR Examples: Sebaceous (oil) glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum glands COMPOUND GLANDS COMPOUND TUBULAR COMPOUND ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) COMPOUND TUBULOALVEOLAR Examples: Mucous glands (in mouth) Examples: Bulbo-urethral glands (in male reproductive system) Testes (seminiferous tubules) Mammary glands Examples: Salivary glands Pancreas Glands of respiratory passages

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands (Part 1 of 2) SIMPLE GLANDS Gland cells SIMPLE TUBULAR SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR Examples: Intestinal glands Merocrine sweat stage in development of simple branched glands SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR Examples: Gastric glands Mucous glands Not found in adult; a SIMPLE ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) SIMPLE BRANCHED ALVEOLAR Examples: Sebaceous (oil) glands of esophagus, tongue, duodenum glands Duct

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands (Part 2 of 2) COMPOUND GLANDS COMPOUND TUBULAR COMPOUND ALVEOLAR (ACINAR) COMPOUND TUBULOALVEOLAR Examples: Mucous glands (in mouth) Examples: Bulbo-urethral glands (in male reproductive system) tubules) Mammary glands Examples: Salivary glands Glands of respiratory passages Testes (seminiferous Pancreas

12. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tejido Conjuntivo

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper Reticular fibers Melanocyte Fixed macrophage Plasma cell Blood in vessel Adipocytes (fat cells) Ground substance Mast cell Elastic fibers Free macrophage Collagen fibers Fibroblast Free macrophage Mesenchymal cell Lymphocyte Connective tissue proper LM  502

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper (Part 1 of 2) Reticular fibers Melanocyte Fixed macrophage Plasma cell Blood in vessel Adipocytes (fat cells) Ground substance Mast cell Elastic fibers Free macrophage Collagen fibers Fibroblast Mesenchymal cell Lymphocyte

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper (Part 2 of 2) Elastic fibers Collagen fibers Fibroblast Free macrophage Connective tissue proper LM  502

16. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-9 Connective Tissues in Embryos Mesenchymal cells Mesenchyme This is the first connective tissue to appear in an embryo. LM  136 Mesenchymal cells Blood vessel Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly) LM  136 This sample was taken from the umbilical cord of a fetus.

17. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-9a Connective Tissues in Embryos Mesenchymal cells Mesenchyme This is the first connective tissue to appear in an embryo. LM  136

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-9b Connective Tissues in Embryos Mesenchymal cells Blood vessel Mucous connective tissue (Wharton’s jelly) LM  136 This sample was taken from the umbilical cord of a fetus.

19. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-10 Adipose and Reticular Tissues Adipose Tissue LOCATIONS: Deep to the skin, especially at sides, buttocks, breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys FUNCTIONS: Provides padding and cushions shocks; insulates (reduces heat loss); stores energy Reticular Tissue Adipose tissue FUNCTIONS: Provides supporting framework LOCATIONS: Liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow Reticular tissue from liver Reticular tissue Reticular fibers Adipocytes (white adipose cells) LM  300 LM  375

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-11 Dense Connective Tissues Dense Regular Connective Tissue Collagen fibers Fibroblast nuclei Collagen fiber bundles Tendon Deep dermis LM  440 LM  111 Elastic fibers Fibroblast nuclei Elastic ligament LM  887 Elastic Tissue LOCATIONS: Between vertebrae of the spinal column (ligamentum flavum and ligamentum nuchae); ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls FUNCTIONS: Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs Dense Irregular Connective Tissue LOCATIONS: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheaths; dermis FUNCTIONS: Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder LOCATIONS: Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses); between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae FUNCTIONS: Provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-12 Formed Elements of the Blood Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Platelets are membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood clotting. These cell fragments are involved in the clotting response that seals leaks in damaged or broken blood vessels. Eosinophils and neutro- phils are phagocytes. Basophils promote inflam- mation much like mast cells in other connective tissues. Lymphocytes are uncommon in the blood but they are the domi- nant cell type in lymph, the second type of fluid connective tissue. Monocytes are phagocytes similar to the free macro- phages in other tissues. Eosinophil Neutrophil Basophil Red blood cells account for roughly half the volume of whole blood and give blood its color. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes (e-RITH-ro-sıts), are responsible for the trans- port of oxygen (and, to a lesser degree, of carbon dioxide) in the blood. ¯¯ White blood cells, or leukocytes (LOO-ko-sıts; leuko-, white), help defend the body from infection and disease. ¯¯

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-14 Types of Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage LOCATIONS: Between tips of ribs and bones of sternum; covering bone surfaces at synovial joints; supporting larynx (voice box), trachea, and bronchi; forming part of nasal septum FUNCTIONS: Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support; reduces friction between bony surfaces Elastic Cartilage Hyaline cartilage LOCATIONS: Auricle of external ear; epiglottis; auditory canal; cuneiform cartilages of larynx FUNCTIONS: Provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape Fibrocartilage LOCATIONS: Pads within knee joint; between pubic bones of pelvis; intervertebral discs FUNCTIONS: Resists compression; prevents bone- to-bone contact; limits movement Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Fibrous matrix Chondrocytes in lacunae LM  400 LM  358 Elastic fibers in matrix Chondrocyte in lacuna LM  500 Matrix Chondrocytes in lacunae

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-15 Bone Canaliculi Osteocytes in lacunae Matrix Central canal Blood vessels LM  375 Osteon Fibrous layer Cellular layer Periosteum

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 4-2 A Comparison of Cartilage and Bone

25. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-16a Membranes Mucous secretion Mucous membranes are coated with the secretions of mucous glands. These membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Epithelium Lamina propria (areolar tissue)

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-16b Membranes Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities (the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities). Transudate Mesothelium Areolar tissue

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-16c Membranes The cutaneous membrane, or skin, covers the outer surface of the body. Epithelium Areolar tissue Dense irregular connective tissue

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tejido Muscular

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-18 Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate. LOCATIONS: Combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles FUNCTIONS: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; generates heat; protects internal organs Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs. FUNCTIONS: Circulates blood; maintains blood (hydrostatic) pressure LOCATION: Heart Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus. LOCATIONS: Found in the walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs FUNCTIONS: Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessels Nuclei Muscle fiber Striations LM  180 LM  450 LM  235 Nucleus Cardiac muscle cells Intercalated discs Striations Nucleus Smooth muscle cell

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Tejido Neuronal

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 4-19 Neural Tissue NEURONS NEUROGLIA (supporting cells) Maintain physical structure Repair tissue framework Perform phagocytosis Regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons of tissues after injury Provide nutrients to neurons Axon Nucleolus Nucleus of neuron Dendrites (contacted by other neurons) Axon (conducts information to other cells) Cell body Dendrites Mitochondrion Nucleus Microfibrils and microtubules Nucleolus Cell body (contains nucleus and major organelles) A representative neuron (sizes and shapes vary widely) Contact with other cells Nuclei of neuroglia LM  600

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Review Question 4-1 Epithelial Tissue a d bc e f