1. Biology 211 Anatomy & Physiology I Histology of Bone

2. Recall: SYSTEMS are composed of one or more organs, all serving a common function ORGANS are composed of one or more types of tissues, all serving a common function TISSUES are composed of one or more types of cells and their products, all serving a common function

3. Organs of skeletal system = Bones (e.g. femur, ulna, vertebra, mandible) Like all organs, these contain four types of tissue: Epithelium Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscular tissue However: Two types of specialized connective tissues predominate: tissue each of which is surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue: and

4. Two types of specialized connective tissue predominate: Cartilage and Bone Tissue each of which is surrounded by dense irregular connective tissue: Perichondrium and Periosteum

5. Cartilage: Function = Flexible Support Costal cartilages Intervertebral disks External ear External nose Larynx Trachea & bronchi

6. Cartilage: Function = Flexible Support Costal cartilages Intervertebral disks External ear External nose Larynx Trachea & bronchi Also: Forms embryonic "model" for many bones and: a) Remains on ends of long bones throughout life b) Remains at growth plates (epiphyseal plates) of immature growing bones.

7. Cartilage: Young cells = Actively forming new extracellular matrix Mature cells = Maintain and repair extracellular matrix Extracellular Matrix Ground substance = very firm gel Fibers = collagen, elastic Chondrocytes located in

8. Cartilage: Three types: All three types: Cells are the same Differences due to fibers

9. Hyaline Cartilage: Extracellular matrix appears smooth, No fibers evident by light microscopy Cells (in lacunae) form or Extracellular matrix often stains more darkly around cells

10. Elastic Cartilage: Many elastic fibers visible in extracellular matrix Cells (in lacunae) form isogenous groups or nests Extracellular matrix often stains more darkly around cells

11. Fibrous Cartilage: Many large collagen fibers visible in extracellular matrix Cells (in lacunae) usually individual (no isogenous groups) Extracellular matrix usually stains more darkly around cells

12. Bone Tissue: Young cells = Actively forming new extracellular matrix Mature cells = Maintain and repair extracellular matrix Located in Third cell type = Reabsorb extracellular matrix

13. Bone: Extracellular matrix: Fibers: Collagen Ground substance contains precipitated calcium phosphate called Bone tissue constantly remodeling itself: Old extracellular matrix removed by osteclasts New extracellular matrix produced by osteocytes

14. Two forms of bone tissue: ("woven", "spongy") Shelves or ridges ("trabeculae") of extracellular bone matrix with osteocytes embedded within it. ("compact", "Haversian") Concentric rings ("lamellae") of extracellular matrix and ostocytes, surrounding a containing nerves and capillaries

16. Lamellar Bone:

17. Osteocytes in lacunae, between lamellae

18. Both trabecular and lamellar bone: Osteocytes have lost ability to divide so Growth can occur only by differentiation of new osteoblasts, which then form extracellular matrix around themselves As the osteoblasts become trapped in their matrix, they mature into osteocytes located in lacunae Osteoblasts at edges

19. Both trabecular and lamellar bone: Osteocytes have long cellular extensions to retain connections with each other. These extensions of osteocytes run through little canals called in the rigid extracellular matrix

20. Two types of bone formation ("osteogenesis") for growth, remodeling, and repair: - osteogenesis: Model of cartilage formed first. Cartilage then replaced by bone. - osteogenesis: Bone formed within pre-existing ordinary connective tissue, often at edge of existing bone.

21. Bones (organs) grow by both intramembranous and endochondral osteogenesis: Average age (years) at completion of ossification: Scapula - 18-20 Clavicle - 23-31 Os coxa - 18-23 Vertebrae - 25 Sacrum - 23-25 Sternum - body - 23-25 - manubrium - 30-35 Humerus, radius, ulna - 17-20 Femur, tibia, fibula - 18-22

22. Bones repair fractures by both intramembranous and endochondral osteogenesis:

23. Bone tissue is constantly remodelling itself to adjust to different physical and biochemical demands placed upon it. Old bone is destroyed by osteoclasts and new bone is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes. Example: If you have a cast on your arm, the bones will become smaller since they are not being stressed and more bone tissue is removed than is synthesized. But: When the cast is removed and the bones again subjected to stress, they will become larger again.

24. Bone remodelling regulated by many hormones: Growth hormone stimulated osteoblast activity & collagen synthesis Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoblast activity & collagen synthesis; stimulates formation of ossification centers Testosterone stimulates osteoblast activity & bone growth Progesterone stimulates osteoclast activity & bone loss Estrogen stimulates osteoblast activity & bone growth

25. Two hormones primarily responsible for day-to-day remodelling of bone to regulate concentration of calcium in blood: Secreted by thyroid gland Stimulates osteoblasts to produce more matrix Inhibits osteoclasts from breaking down matrix Thus: Calcium removed from blood & stored in bone Secreted by parathyroid glands Inhibits osteoblasts from producing more matrix Stimulates osteoclasts to break down matrix Thus: Calcium released from bone into blood

26. Blood Ca ++ level returns to normal Blood Ca ++ level continues to increase Blood Ca ++ level continues to decrease Blood Ca ++ level returns to normal Thyroid secretes calcitonin Parathyroid glands secrete PTH Ca ++ moved from blood to bone Ca ++ moved from bone to blood