1. Anatomy & Physiology Tissue Review
October 2012

2. General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

3. General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Cells tightly packed together; very little intercellular space
Therefore, avascular
Free surface
Basement membrane anchors to connective tissue below
Regenerates readily, if close to nutrient source (if avascular, how does it get nourished?)

4. Terms to understand Simple Stratified Cell shapes Microvilli Cilia
Goblet cells

5. Epithelium: identify by location
Lines air sacs of lungs:
Lines respiratory passages:
Lines bladder & urinary passages:
Lines mouth, throat, anal canal, vagina:
Forms outer layer of skin:
Lines digestive tract:
Forms most glands:

6. Epithelium: identify by function
Protection
Modified for excellent absorption
Secretion
Can distend, then return to original shape/layers
Fabulous for diffusion

7. Glandular epithelium EXOCRINE
Has ducts to secrete product to free surface
Sweat, oil, milk
ENDOCRINE
Ductless
Empties product directly into bloodstream
hormones

8. Connective tissue (in general)
Cells far apart from each other
Intercellular space filled with FIBERS & MATRIX
Vascular, with exceptions (dense regular & cartilage)
Protects, connects, binds, supports

9. Possible fibers in matrix
COLLAGEN: thick, white, tough, very strong
ELASTIC: thin, yellow, stretchy
RETICULAR: thin, delicate strands of collage; from delicate framework/web-like support

10. Which connective tissue?
Universal glue; contains all 3 fibers; watery-gel matrix
Hard matrix made of calcium salts
Parallel bundles of collagen; tendons & ligaments
Rubbery matrix; glassy appearance; connects ribs to breastplate
Fluid matrix

11. More connective tissues
Thick, cushion; shock absorber; intervertebral disks
Delicate framework supporting lymph nodes and bone marrow
Strong; interwoven collagen fibers; vascular; dermis of skin
Fat cells are dominant in this specialized areolar tissue

12. Compare dense regular & dense irregular fibrous conn.
Parallel bundles of collagen, tightly packed
Avascular
Forms tendons & ligaments
IRREGULAR
Interwoven mesh of collagen fibers; lots more space
Vascular
Forms dermis of the skin

13. More terms to understand
Tendon
Ligament
Adipocyte
Chondrocyte
Osteocyte
Fibroblast
Neuron

14. Muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth?
Striated/banded
Non-striated/banded
Intercalated disks
Spindle-shaped
Multinucleate
Uninucleate
Heart
Walls of hollow organs
Moves the body

15. Muscle and nervous tissue functions
Muscle: contract to produce movement
Nervous (1) irritability—can be stimulated
(2) conductivity—can conduct an electrochemical impulse

16. Inflammation—the 4 Cardinal Signs
Edema---tissue swelling due to increased flow of tissue fluid to injury—why?
Rubor—
Calor—
Dolor--

17. Tissue healing Which tissue regenerates the easiest?
Which tissue will never regenerate?
Which tissues are slow to regenerate?
Which tissues will be replaced with scar tissue?

18. Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue.
How does connective tissue differ from other tissues as to relative amount of cells and intercellular substance?
Describe the three types of fibers which might be found in connective tissue.

19. Identify the connective tissue
Composes tendons and ligaments
Composes skeleton
“glues” epithelium with basement membrane to other structures
Fluid matrix
Rubbery, smooth glassy matrix
Composes the dermis of the skin

20. Identify the connective tissue
Areolar with large deposits of adipocytes
Forms stroma of the liver, bone marrow
Which cartilage:
Framework of the ear
Intervertebral disks
Meniscus of knee
Covers ends of long bones

21. Loose (areolar) tissue, bone, cartilage, and blood are different types of connective tissue. Explain why their physical characteristics differ so much.
What is the function of fibroblasts?
Name the major types of cartilage. Describe their differences and similarities.

22. Joints such as the elbow, shoulder, and knee contain considerable amounts of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue. How does this relate to the fact that joint injuries are often very slow to heal?
A group of disorders called collagenous diseases are characterized by deterioration of connective tissues. Why would you expect such diseases to produce widely varying symptoms.