1. Chapter 3 connective tissue

2. Introduction 1. Concept : act as connection 、 supporting 、 nutrition 、 protection

3. 2.Characteristics: 1. a few cells and a lot of intercellular substance which consists of fibers and ground substance 2. no polarity: internal environment tissue 3. more varieties and distributing widely 4. originate from mesenchyme:

4. Mesenchyme mesenchymal cell + matrix star shaped cell (with processes ) ， ovoid nucleus with prominent nucleolus multipotential cells Differentiate : endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblast and fat cell.

5. 3.Classification of CT: according to the ground substance: loose CT 1. gelatinous matrix: dense CT connective tissue proper adipose T reticular T 2. solid gel matrix: cartilage and bone 3. fluid matrix: blood

6. 1. Loose connective tissue ： more ground substance with loosely arranged cells and fibers, areolar tissue 蜂窝组织 Distribute widely, 7 types of cells 3types of fibers

7. (1) Cells: 1. fibroblast flattened cell with processes, flattened nucleus, pale staining, basophilic cytoplasm, EM: RER, ribosomes, Golgi complex Function: synthesize collagen, elastin to form fibers synthesize glycoprotein and proteoglycan to form ground substance fibrocyte: resting fibroblast, smaller, acidophilic cytoplasm

8. 2. Macrophage ( histocyte) structure: different shape, processes, small nucleus – round / kidney, dark staining, acidophilic cytoplasm, phagocytotic granule

9. EM: microvillus primary lysosomes secondary lysosomes phagosome phagocytotic vacuoles residual body microfilament microtubul

10. functions: (1) phagocytosis ： chemotaxis 趋化性, ameboid movement chemotactic factor ( Specific and nonspicific ) (2) present antigen joining and regulating immuno- response (3) secrete some materials joining immunoresponse lysozyme, interferon, interleukin, complement

11. 3. plasma cell structure: ovoid cell, round and eccentrically placed nucleus, coarse hetero- chromatin (clock-face appearance) prominent nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm RER, ribosome Golgi complex, Function : secrete antibody—immunoglobulin Ig

12. 4. mast cell structure: large cell, small nucleus, pale metachromatic basophilic granules ， ● eosinophil chemotaxti factor ● heparin prevet blood coagulation ● histamine,leukotriene

13. anaphylaxis( 过敏 ): first time : plasma cell→IgE + receptor (mast cell)→activated condition Second time : antigen-antibody complex –join together-- releasing histamine and leukotriene → asthma ( 哮喘 ) or hives ( 荨麻疹 ) Antigen contact

14. ............................ 第一次抗原进入 抗体 二次抗原进入................................................................................................................................................................................. anaphylaxis ( 过敏 ): Receptor of IgE

15. 5. fat cell structure: round 、 polyhedral,large lipid droplet vesicle ， cytoplasm ， flatten nucleus function: synthesize and store fat

16. 7. white blood cell: acidophil,neutrophil and lymphocyte 6. undifferentiated mesenchymal cell structure: resemble fibroblast function: differentiate fibroblast,fat cell, smooth m.f. and endothelial cell

17. (2).Fiber S 1. collagenous f (white f ) : structure: 1~20μm acidophilic, network fibrils collagen ---collagenous fibil (20--300nm), 64nm →cross striation function: flexible and strongly resist a pulling force, 韧性, 抗拉力

18. 2.elastic fiber ( yellow f ) : structure ： meshwork HE---light pink ， 0.2~1.0μm aldehyde fuchsin 醛复红 —purple ， composition: homogeneous elastin covered by microfibril function: elasticity elastic fiber

19. 3. reticular fiber : structure: 0.2~1.0μm, branch a lot, meshwork ， silver stain--- argyrophilic fiber 嗜银纤维 composition: collagen fibrils covered by glycoprotein, PAS positive distribution: more in lamina reticularis hematopoietic organs function: make hematopoietic microenvironment

20. ( 3). ground substance composition: proteoglycan and glycoprotein 1. proteoglycan: glycosaminoglycan: hyaluronic acid,chondroitin sulfate A and C, keratin sulfate, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate Protein: link protein core protein 2.glycoprotein: fibronectin,FN laminin,LN chondronectin, ChN

21. (3). ground substance hyaluronic acid link protein core protein glycosaminoglycan proteoglycan subunit 分子筛 molecular sifter

22. Function of ground substance:  supply a place for materials exchange  act as barrier to prevent the bacteria,large molecules from entering cancer cell streptococcus hyaluronidase destroy the barrier

23. 动脉端 静脉端 tissue fluid 毛细淋巴管 capillary capillary tissue fluid: suitable for materials exchange edema, dehydration

24. 2.Dense connective tissue structure: bundles of collagen fibers arranged densely, small amount of ground substance and cells.

25. Classification of dense C.T 1. regular dense CT: tendon, ligament fibroblast→ tendon cell 2. irregular dense CT: dermis of skin,capsule of organ, sclera of eye,dura mater 3. elastic tissue: ligament nuchea 项韧带 ， ligament flava 黄韧带,elastic membrane

26. 3.Adipose tissue Fat cells and loose connecive tissue 1. yellow adipose tissue(white): fat cells : contain a large lipid droplet univesicle fat cell 2. brown adipose tissue: fat cells : contain numerous small lipid droplets multivesicle fat cell round nucleus centrally located

27. 4. Reticular tissue: reticular cells and reticular fibers function: providing microenvironment for hematopoiesis.