1. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF MIGRATION?

2. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

3. PUSH FACTORS  Low wages  Poverty  Famine  Unemployment  Natural disasters

4. PULL FACTORS  High wages  Cheap land  Attractive living conditions  Opportunities for economic advancement

5. BARRIERS TO MIGRATION  Physical cost of move  Mental costs of breaking family or cultural ties  Age, Health, Marital status, Distance  Immigration policies

6. INTERVENING OPPORTUNITIES As one migrates, there could be stops along the way which could be positive or negative, but the migrant does not reach his/her final destination. The migrant stays where the intervening opportunity has taken place. For example this could be a job offer. The migrant could be migrating from Bangla Desh to the UK but as he/she travels through Italy to reach the UK a job is given to him and he/she stays in Italy.

7. FORCED MIGRATION  This is negative selected migration where there is little choice involved in the movement and in the choice of the destination.  Reasons are usually politically motivated or for emergency economic reasons

8. MAIN CAUSES OF FORCED MIGRATION  War, especially civil war  Political persecution  Lack of freedom & individual rights  Famine  Major natural disasters

9. REFUGEES  Migrants who are forced to migrate and arrive in another country. If the movement is politically motivated, they often ask for asylum status.

10. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS  Refugees within their own country. They are forced to leave their region and they move to another part of the country.

11. RECENT EXAMPLES OF FORCED MIGRATION  Sudan – Darfur

12. IRAQ

13. IRAN