1. Unit 4: The Impact of Industrialization

2. The Industrial City required  Factories  Large workforce  Transportation network  Warehouses  Office buildings & stores Cities tended to specialize in certain industries  Lowell, MA – textiles  Pittsburgh, PA – steel  Chicago, IL – meatpacking Cities of this time were noisy, busy, crowded, and dirty  Sanitation, pollution, housing, safety issues

3. “Push” factors  Escape hunger, political unrest, religious persecution, the law “Pull” factors  Opportunity, jobs, land, freedom, family Cities of this period were diverse places  Many different nationalities, languages, religions, customs, cultures  In 1890, NY City was 42% foreign-born  Life was difficult in tenement slums with little support and people looking to exploit your vulnerability

4. Reforms eventually improved life  Water & sewer systems (indoor plumbing)  Fire & Police departments  Public Health departments Electricity -improved life and made streets safer Skyscrapers -built to house more people in less space Subways -constructed in larger cities to lessen congestion Parks- developed to provide city-dwellers some breaks from the crowded streets Suburbs- allowed people to live in quieter countryside and commute to city for work

5. Public education established to  Develop an educated workforce & informed citizens  By 1870, laws passed to fund education for all children in western Europe and U.S.  Vocational schools established to help working-class kids  Education opportunity lagged behind for lower class & women  Eventually, women’s colleges were formed Newspapers became impt. part of city life  Expanded coverage to include comics, sports, political cartoons, and weekly fictional serials  Telegraph made foreign news available as well

6. Leisure time increased and led to new types of entertainment  Professional sports  Resort vacations  Amusement parks  Concert Halls  Theatres  Museums  Libraries

7. ROMANTICISM (EARLY 1800S)  Reaction to Enlightenment  Emphasizes emotion and feeling  Characteristics  Respect of nature  Value of the individual  Importance of imagination  Artists  Wm. Wordsworth (poet)  Ralph Waldo Emerson (writer)  Beethoven (composer) REALISM (MID- 1800S)  Reaction to Romanticism  Emphasizes details of everyday life (often unpleasant)  Characteristics  Focus on lower classes  Seamy/corrupt side of urban life  Social inequalities in life  Artists  Charles Dickens (novelist)  Leo Tolstoy (novelist)  Ashcan School (artists - U.S.)

8. ROMANTICISMREALISM

9. Last half of 19 th Century  Began in France as “revolt” against accepted standards of painting  Emphasizes use of light, vivid color, and sense of motion  Characteristics ▪ Outdoor settings ▪ Light, weather, & atmosphere (impression rather than realistic look) ▪ Visible brushstrokes  Artists ▪ Renoir, Monet, Sisley (painters) ▪ Claude Debussy (composer)