1. Mexican Revolution
Mr. Turner
IB HOTA

2. WHY?
The seeds of the Mexican Revolution were planted in the soil of economic growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The uneven distribution of wealth, uneven distribution of land, tied together into the formation of a society ruled by the elite, and paid for by the work of the peasant class.

3. Mexico Divided
Mexico is in political and economic chaos after independence
Race/Class Structure Remains
Creoles
Mestizos
Indians
Africans
Iturbede ousted in 1824 and Mexico becomes a republic
Santa Anna is the most dominant political leader.

4. 1810-1821 WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE MEXICO OVERTHROWS SPAIN
1821-PLAN OF IGUALA PROMISES EQUALITY FOR CITIZENS AND PROTECTS THE PRIVILEGES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.

5. 1824
CONSTITUTION THAT ESTABLISHES MEXICO AS A REPUBLIC WITH A FEDERAL SYSTEM.
1836- TEXAS REPUBLIC BECOMES INDEPENDENT.
MEXICAN WAR WITH U.S.- MEXICO LOSES HALF OF TERRITORY

6. Mexican-American War
Americans proclaim independence of Texas—March 2, 1836
French try to take Mexico in 1838.
Mexican-American War ( )
Mexico defeated.
Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848.
California, Texas, Arizona and New Mexico to US.
US pays Mexico $15,000,000
Property owners assured can keep property

7. LA REFORMA
Liberals gain seats in congress due to loss of territory to USA.
Enact sweeping reforms. Destroy Feudal Vestiges and implement Capitalism!
People Panic!! Why?
Santa Anna briefly returns and implements a terror campaign against opponents.
Led to Liberal Revolt: Alvarez, Juarez, Tejada

8. WAR OF REFORM
BENITO JUÁREZ AND OTHER LIBERALS OVERTHROW SANTA ANNA (REVOLUTION OF AYUTLA)
1857- CONSTITUTION DRAFTED – FEDERAL SYSTEM-UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE- DENOUNCED BY CONSERVATIVES. THIS LEADS TO CIVIL WAR.

9. Mexico continued Benito Juarez is elected president in 1858.
He confiscated Church property.
Mexico suspends payment of foreign debt in 1861.
France, Great Britain, and Spain protest.

10. LIBERALS WIN THE WAR-1861
BENITO JUÁREZ – ZAPOTEC INDIAN FROM OAXACA- PRESIDENT.
CONSERVATIVES FLEE (MANY TO EUROPE)
MEXICO IN TERRIBLE DEBT. JUÁREZ DECLARES A 2 YEAR MORATORIUM ON FOREIGN DEBTS UNTIL COUNTRY COULD GET ON ITS FEET.

11. French occupy Mexico
The French occupy Mexico in 1861 and capture Mexico City in 1863.
Louis Napoleon makes Archduke Maximillian Emperor (April 10, 1864)
Maximillian was Austrian and never understood Mexico
There were many revolts
Maximillian is captured and executed with the rest of his family.
Juarez is restored.

12. NAPOLEION III-FRENCH INTERVENTION
WANTS TO ESTABLISH EMPIRE
30,000 FRENCH TROOPS ENTER MEXICO CITY
ARCHDUKE MAXIMILIAN SET UP AS EMPEROR (HAPSBURG)
MAXIMILLAN WAS MORE LIBERAL THAN CONSERVATIVE

13. 1866-RESTORED REPUBLIC FRANCE WITHDRAWS TROOPS MAXIMILIAN EXECUTED
JUAREZ REGAINS POWER
INSTITUTION OF MANY REFORMS IN FISCAL POLICIES AND EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM.
JUAREZ REELECTED IN 1872-THEN DIES.

14. LERDO DE TEJADA 1872-1876 TRIES TO IMPOSE HIMSELF FOR ANOTHER TERM
OVERTHROWN BY PORIFIRO DIAZ

15. In 1876…PORFIRIATO PORFIRIO DIAZ CAME TO POWER IN MEXICO.
HE WOULD RULE UNTIL 1911.
HE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH, INDUSTRIALIZATION, MODERNIZATION…AND LITTLE REGARD FOR HUMAN RIGHTS.

16. ORDER FOLLOWED BY PROGRESS
DIAZ, ALTHOUGH CLAIMING TO BELIEVE IN THE “NO CONSECUTIVE TERM” RULE CONTAINED IN THE CONSTITUTION, ONLY RELINQUISHED HIS RULE ONE TIME, AFTER HIS FIRST YEARS IN OFFICE. FROM THEN ON HE MANIPULATED EVERY ELECTION---FOR THE GOOD OF MEXICO.

17. PORFORIO
MEXICO SAW GREAT GAINS IN INFRASTRUCTURE, AND INDUSTRY, AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT, PARTICULARLY BY THE U.S.
NO FREEDDOM OF THE PRESS
LAND , WEALTH, AND ACCESS TO EDUCATION WAS LIMITED TO A SMALL GROUP OF ELITE.

18. DIAZ
In 1908, Diaz gave an interview to James Creelman, in which ha stated that Mexico was ready for democracy. He said he would step down and allow others to compete for the presidency.
He changed his mind, however, when the possibility of a new leader seemed to cause disruption.
He ran again in and was sure he could control the results as in the past.

19. Causes of the Mexican Revolution
Reign of Porfirio Díaz
Ruled as a dictator
“New Creoles”
Modernized Mexico
Masses suppressed
Working class wages declined
95% of rural population did not own any land
Mestizo population grew rapidly after 1850
Porfirio Díaz ( )

20. Start of the Revolution
Election of 1910
Francisco Madero ran against Díaz
Díaz had Madero arrested on election day
Madero called for Díaz to be overthrown
Movement supported by peasants and the middle class
Díaz forced to resign in May 1911
Francisco Madero ( )

21. Mexican Revolutionaries (1910)
Pancho Villa
Francisco Madero

22. FRANCISCO I. MADERO
EDUCATED IN EUROPE AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DECIDED TO RUN AGAINST MADERO.
SIMILAR IN IDEOLOGY- BUT WANTED MORE POWER FOR THE ELITE IN POLITICS.

23. BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION
MADERO RELEASED- WENT TO U.S.
OCTOBER 5, ISSUES A LETTER FROM JAIL
PLAN DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ- CALLING FOR “FREE SUFFRAGE AND NO RE-ELECTION”
CALLED THE DIAZ REGIME ILLEGAL-CALLED FOR REVOLT- NOVEMBER 20

24. MADERO MADE VAGUE PROMISES OF AGRARIAN REFORM
HE RECEIVED SUPPORT OF PEASANT CLASS
HIS OWN ARMY- WITH SUPPORT OF THE INDIANS HAD SOME SUCCESS AGAINST THE DÍAZ ARMY.
OTHER REVOLUTIONARIES JOINED.

25. DIAZ AGAIN
WHEN DIAZ REALIZED THE GROWING POPULARITY OF MADERO, HE HAD MADERO JAILED ON CHARGES OF CONSPIRACY TO OVERTHROW THE GOVERNMENT
ELECTION DAY- MADERO WAS IN JAIL
DIAZ WON…

26. The Revolution Spreads
Madero was unprepared
Lack of land reforms led to open rebellion
Emiliano Zapata
“Land and Liberty”
Pancho Villa
Madero was overthrown by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913
Madero was eventually assassinated
Pancho Villa
Emiliano Zapata
Mural to Zapata in Cuba

27. Map of the Revolution

28. PANCHO VILLA in the North
Doroteo Arango Arámbula – BETTER KNOWN AS FRANCISCO “PANCHO” VILLA
As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the Northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, which, due to its size, mineral wealth and proximity to the United States of America gave him great popularity.
He was provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914.

29. VILLISTAS
VILLA AND HIS SUPPORTERS USED PROPAGANDA/ INTIMIDATION (FIRING SQUADS)
SEIZED HACIENDA LAND AND DISTRIBUTED IT TO THE POOR/ SOLDIERS
ROBBED TRAINS/ PRINTED FAKE MONEY

30. THE CENTAURO OF THE NORTH
VILLA’S GROUP MOVED FAST- USING TRAINS/ AND AN ELITE CAVALRY UNIT LOS DORADOS (THE GOLDEN ONES)
AS A “COLORFUL” FIGURE, VILLA CAPTURED THE EYE OF THE MEDIA AND DEVELOPED AN ALMOST CULT FOLLOWING

31. VILLA AND OROZCO
WON CONTROL OF CUIDAD JUAREZ- BORDERING THE RIO GRANDE
MAY 21, 1911
TREATY OF CUIDAD JUÁREZ

33. EMILIO ZAPATA in the South
STATE OF MORELOS
Born August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco, Morelos. Was a mediero (sharecropper) and horse trainer. Conscripted into the army for seven years attaining the rank of sergeant. As president of the village council, he campaigned for the restoration of village lands confiscated by hacendados. His slogan was "Tierra Y Libertad." Zapata sided with Madero. .

34. ¡Tierra y Libertad!
Between 1910 and 1919, Zapata continued his fight for land and liberty, rebelling against anyone who interfered with his Plan of Ayala which called for the seizure of all foreign owned land, all land taken from villages, confiscation of one-third of all land held by "friendly" hacendados and full confiscation of land owned by persons opposed to the Plan of Ayala.

35. Timeline of the Revolution

36. The Revolution Continues
Huerta was opposed by a coalition led by Venustiano Carranza (top), Alvaro Obregón (bottom), Villa, Zapata, etc.
Huerta was overthrown in 1914
Carranza appealed to masses
Mexican Constitution of 1917
Villa and Zapata continued to rebel until 1919 and 1920
Carranza was overthrown in 1920
Replaced by Obregon ( )

37. VENUSTIANO CARRANZA
AS PRESIDENT, HE ORGANIZED THE CONVENTION THAT WROTE THE CONSTITUTION OF 1917 THAT IS STILL IN PLACE TODAY.
EJIDO- AGRARIAN LAND COOPERATIVE REFORM- REDISTRIBUTION OF LAND – FROM WEALTHY TO THE PEASANTS

38. Constitution of 1917 Conferred strong powers to the president
Laid basis for land reform
No major redistribution until 1934
Government ownership of mineral and water resources
New labor laws
No major labor laws until 1931
Placed restrictions on the church and clergy
Church went on strike in 1926

39. Women in the Revolution
Intellectuals
Called for equal rights, women’s suffrage, and other reforms
Often endured threats, imprisonment, etc.
Soldaderas
Served as nurses, cooks, foraged for food, washed clothes and other services
Served in the rebel army and the federal army
Women Soldiers

40. Women in the Revolution

41. Women in the Revolution

42. Aftermath of Revolution
Over one million people died
Revolution lacked a plan, a philosophy, intellectual leadership, or political parties
Farming, ranching, and mining economies were destroyed
Oil industry improved during revolution
No major bank or newspaper survived

43. Aftermath Continued Alvaro Obregón (1920-1924)
Built schools and encouraged nationalism
Diego Rivera
Mexico becomes a single-party system
Party of Revolutionary Institutions (PRI)
Dominated politics until 2000
Lázaro Cárdenas ( )
Redistributed 45 million acres of land
253 million would be redistributed by 1984
Promoted economic nationalism
Nationalized railroads (1937) and oil (1938)

44. PRI PARTY –DOMINANT PARTY FOR 71 YEARS UNTIL VICENTE FOX OF THE PAN PARTY WAS ELECTED.