1. Immigration and Urbanization

2. Essential Question: What were the problems caused by rapid urbanization and how did the other half live? Copy Copy All White Text on Page

3. The New Colossus By Emma Lazarus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"

4. 1,593,000181,18802,753,00926,0001,110,0001,847,0001,069,0005,780,000540,0002,928,000 Chart: Rise of Immigrants

5. Immigrants from Europe Old New New New

7. RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION RELIGION BIRTHPLACE REASONS DESTINATION OCCUPATION ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern EuropeEurope Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNorth esp. east coast Became farmersUnskilled workers ProtestantCatholic and Jewish North/Western Southern/Eastern EuropeEurope Both escaping poverty, religious and political persecution Moved to farmsMoved to cities in the in the MidwestNorth esp. east coast Became farmersUnskilled workers Old vs New Immigrants Copy

8. Nativism Anti-Immigrant Anti-Catholic & Jew

9. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1883

10. Ellis Island Ellis Island was built in 1892 as the 1 st “Immigration Center” Angel Island built 1910 in San Francisco for Asian immigration

12. 1900  76 million population  60% lived in rural areas1900  76 million population  60% lived in rural areas 1870  40 million population  75% lived in rural areas1870  40 million population  75% lived in rural areas

13. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. In 1860 no American city could boast a million inhabitants. 1890, New York, Chicago and Philadelphia had spurted past the million mark. Cities

14. Immigrants Settle in Cities urbanization  Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities  Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs  Americanization  Americanization—assimilate people into main culture  Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills  English, American history, cooking, etiquette  Ethnic communities provide social support

15. Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

16. Irish NY: St. Patrick’s Cathedral Irish NY: St. Patrick’s Cathedral

17. Hester Street – Jewish Section

18. Pell St. - Chinatown, NYC

19. Characteristics of Urbanization During Gilded Age 1.Megalopolis. 2.Mass Transit. 3.Magnet for economic & social opportunities. 4.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core 5.Squalid living conditions for many. 6.Political machines. 7.Ethnic neighborhoods. Copy

20. Urban Growth: 1870 - 1900

21. Louis Sullivan  The Chicago School of Architecture  Built 1 st skyscrapers  1856 – 1924  Form follows function! Copy

22. Louis Sullivan: Bayard Bldg., NYC, 1897

24. John A. Roebling: The Brooklyn Bridge, 1883 Copy

25. Urban Problems: There became serious shortages in housing. New types of housing were created 1)Row house – apartment type homes 2)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary Sanitation was a problem High Crime Rates Copy

26. “Dumbbell Tenement “

27. Tenement Slum Living

28. Struggling Immigrant Families

29. Urban Problems: Sanitation Cities had hard time supplying safe drinking water. People threw garbage out their windows. Horse manure piled up on the streets Sewage flowed in streets. By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments. Copy

30. Fire Problems: The city had limited supply of water. Most city apartments were made of wood People also used candles and kerosene lamps for lighting. Paid fire departments were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati) The automatic fire sprinkler was also created in 1874. Copy

31. The Great Chicago Fire: 1871 Fire burned for 24hrs. An estimated 300 people died 100,000 were left homeless More than 3 square miles of the city center was destroyed. Property loss was estimated at $200 million. 17,500 buildings were destroyed. Copy

36. Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community Chicago became the main railroad junction in the U.S. Immigrants move to Chicago because of the job opportunities Meatpacking Steel mills Cattle industry Multi-cultural community