1. Skeletal System

2. Functions of the Skeletal System
Support- framework that supports body and gives it shape
Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain, any internal organs
Movement- bones act as levers for muscles
Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate
Blood cell formation- hematopoiesis

3. Skeletal Organization
There are 206 bones in the adult body and they fall into 2 Categories:
1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton

4. Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage Axial Skeleton
Consists of the bone and cartilage that supports and protects the head, neck and trunk:
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage

5. Axial Skeleton

6. Bones of the axial skeleton
The skull bones:

7. Sinal Cavities Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus
Maxillary Sinus
Warm and moisten air
Lighten the skull
Enhance voice resonance

8. The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Axial Skeleton
The Vertebral Column
Cervical Vertebrae (7)
Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
Lumbar Vertebrae (5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

10. The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3)
Axial Skeleton
The Thoracic Cage
Sternum
True Ribs (7)
False Ribs (3)
Floating Ribs (2)

11. Axial Skeleton
Sacrum & Coccyx

12. Appendicular Skeleton
Includes:
1. Pectoral Girdle
2. Upper Limbs
3. Pelvic Girdle
4. Lower Limbs

13. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

14. Bones of the Upper Limbs
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Upper Limbs
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
8 Carpals
5 Metacarpals
14 Phalanges

15. Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

16. Appendicular Skeleton
The Lower Limbs (Legs)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 Tarsals
5 Metatarsals
14 Phalanges

17. Types of Bones
Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula
Short Bones- carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum
Irregular Bones- vertebrae, facial bones
Sesamoid- patella

18. Bone Classification

19. What type of bones do you think the following are?
Ribs
Phalanges
Pelvic bone
Skull bones
Ulna/ Radius
Nasal bone
Mandible

20. Fibrous connective tissue. Cartilage. Vascular tissue.
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Bones are organs which means they are composed of many types of tissues:
Fibrous connective tissue.
Cartilage.
Vascular tissue.
Lymphatic tissue.
Adipose tissue.
Nervous tissue.

21. Bone cells that aid in remodeling
Osteoblast
Builds new bone
Mature bone cell
Osteocyte
OsteoblastsOsteoblasts are responsible for building new bone and lie at the centre of bone physiology. Their functions include the synthesis of collagen and the control of mineralisation.
OsteoclastsOsteoclasts are specialised cells that resorb bone. They work by sealing off an area of bone surface then, when activated, they pump out hydrogen ions to produce a very acid environment, which dissolves the hydroxyapatite.
OsteocytesBone adapts to applied forces by growing stronger in order to withstand them; it is known that exercise can help to improve bone strength. Osteocytes are thought to be part of the cellular feed-back mechanism which directs bone to form in the places where it is most needed. They lie within mineralised bone and it is thought that they may detect mechanical deformation and mediate the response of the osteoblasts.
Osteoclast
Eats bone

22. Anatomy of a Long Bone Epiphysis: The end of each long bone
Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone
Hyaline Cartilage: on the outer surface of the epiphysis to assist growth
Periosteum: Completely encloses or wraps around the bone (very tough)
Compact bone: Very thick with no gaps around the diaphysis
Spongy bone: numerous branching plates and spaces in the epiphysis.
Marrow: Red or yellow in the center of bones.

23. Anatomy of a Long Bone spongy bone Proximal compact bone epiphysis
Endosteum
diaphysis
epiphyseal line
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis
periosteum
hyaline cartilage

24. STOP!! Label the human skeleton worksheet
You have 10 minutes to quiz each other on the skeleton.
With a partner you will then construct out of toothpicks and other materials the skeleton.

25. Bone Formation
Most bones develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bones.
This occurs while still in the uterus as a fetus- usually the first two months.

26. Bone Formation
The cartilage begins to break down and disappear first in the diaphysis. At the same time the periosteum begins to form, the cartilage calcifies and blood vessels begin.
periosteum
cartilage
calcified cartilage

27. Bone Formation
Osteoblasts (bone forming cells) from the periosteum begin to develop compact bone around the diaphysis. The epiphysis cartilage continues to grow and calcify.
This is called the primary ossification center- just before birth
Compact bone

28. Bone Formation
The secondary ossification center begins to form spongy bone in the epiphysis but is not complete. The medullary cavity forms which will later house the marrow. The diaphysis elongates.
Medullary cavity
Secondary ossification
(Spongy bone)
After birth and into childhood

29. Bone Formation
The diaphysis elongates further. Spongy bone forms and compact bone thickens until length and structure is complete. The epiphyseal plates (growth plate) tell the bone when to stop growing.

30. Bone Formation
Adult bone: everything is fully grown! Cartilage is only left at the ends of the epiphysis. Marrow is now fully formed also

31. bone cartilage calcified cartilage epiphyseal line epiphyseal plate
Fetus: 1st 2 months
Endochondral Ossification
2o ossification center
bone
cartilage
calcified cartilage
Just before birth
epiphyseal line
epiphyseal plate
Childhood
Adult

32. Use the cut outs to create the steps of bone formation.
STOP!!
Use the cut outs to create the steps of bone formation.
You may create a book, foldable, etc.
Place each step in the correct order.
Label all the appropriate parts in each step.
Give a brief description in your own words about what is happening in each step.
Use page for more help
HW project: Children's story to illustrate

33. Repair of bone fractures
Types of bone breaks
Simple- skin is not pierced (most breaks)
Compound- skin is pierced
Complete- bone is broken in half
Partial- broken lengthwise but not two parts
Comminuted- broken into several pieces
Spiral- twisted

35. What kind of fracture is this?
It’s kind of tough to tell, but this is a _ _ _ _ _ _ fracture.

36. Repair of bone fractures

37. Bone Repair: Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:
Increases speed and completeness of healing
The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone
2. Ultrasound treatment:
Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35%
3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:
Transplant fibula in arm
Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments
4. Bone substitutes:
Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis
Sea bone- coral
Artificial bone- ceramic

39. Discuss these questions with a partner:
STOP!!
Discuss these questions with a partner:
What type of bones break the easiest? Why?
What type of bones do not break easily, why?
Why are blood vessels important in bones and in repairing them?

40. Bone strength lab

41. Bones and movement Bones and muscles interact to cause movements
Joints are the junction between bones that allow movement.
Three types of joints:
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints

42. Immovable Joints (formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue)
Fibrous Joints
Immovable Joints (formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue)
suture
pubis symphisis

43. Cartilagenous Joints
Slightly Movable Joint (Hyaline and fibrocartilage found in-between vertebrae, end of long bones and between ribs and sternum

44. Synovial Joints
Freely moveable (includes most joints; contain ligaments, tendons and synovial fluid for smooth movement

45. Knee Joint (Synovial)

46. Types of freely movable joints
Bones and movement
Types of freely movable joints
Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb
Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joints
Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna
Hinge- up and own movement in one plane: knee and elbow
Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle
Condyloid- movement in metacarpals and phalanges

47. Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball and socket

48. Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
age, gender (more in women)
hormone decrease
insufficient exercise (or too much)
diet poor in Ca++ , protein, or vitamin D
smoking

49. Osteoporosis 29 40 84 92

50. Diseases of the Skeletal System:
Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, breaks down old bone faster than it rebuilds new bone. Common in old age.
Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction effecting the joints surrounding bones and movement.

51. Case study and research
Finish children story
Book work and practice labeling and worksheets