1. Lab 2: Appendicular Skeleton

2. Pectoral Girdle
pectoral girdle - scapula, clavicle
Upper limbs attach

3. Pelvic Girdle pelvic girdle – os coxae (pubis, ishium, ilium)
lower limbs attach

4. Articulations
this is another word for joint, or where 2 bones contact each other; often named for the 2 bones that are meeting

5. Functional Classifications of Joints
1. synarthrosis - immovable (ex: sutures of the skull)
2. amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable (most joints of the axial skeleton are synarthrodial or amphiarthrodial)
3. diarthrosis - freely movable, characterized by joint capsule containing synovial fluid and accessory structures (cartilage pads, ligaments, etc.) mostly found in the appendicular skeleton where a lot of movement is necessary (ex: knee, hip and glenohumeral joints

6. Diarthrodial (Synovial) joints are also divided into subcategories based on the movements that they permit
gliding - articular surfaces flat or slightly curved; allows sliding movements in one or two planes (intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
hinge - rounded process of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone; allows movement in one plane (elbow joint)
pivot - rounded/conical surface of one bone articulates with a shallow depression or foramen in another bone: uniaxial rotation is the movement allowed (atlas-axis articulation)

7. 4. condyloid - oval condyle of bone fits into an ellipsoidal depression in another bone, allowing movement in two planes
(metacarpal-phalangeal joints (knuckles)).
5. saddle - articulating surfaces are saddle shaped; convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another bone (ex: articulation occipital condyles & atlas).
6. ball and socket - ball shaped head of one bone articulates with cuplike depression of another (hip joint, glenohumeral joint)

9. Ligaments (structures that connect 2 or more bones, usually named for bones)
collatoral – to the side
annular – around a surface
interosseus – between length of two bones
cruciate – crosses from one side to the other