1. Era of Good Feelings Unit IIIB AP U.S. History

2. Era of Good Feelings  James Monroe (D-R) elected President after James Madison (D-R)  Under increased nationalism and disintegration of Federalists, nation in good spirits  Political, economical, and social debates linger

3. James Monroe (D-R) Elections 1816 and 1820

4. Growth of American Nationalism  Effect of the “victory” over Great Britain  Exciting opportunities with land and increased manufacturing  The arts and education infused with patriotic themes

5. A STRONG Central Government  John Marshall’s Court  Fletcher v. Peck (1810)  Ruled state law unconstitutional  Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)  Ruled Supreme Court’s jurisdiction over state courts  McCullogh v. Maryland (1819)  Bank of the United States constitutional under “necessary and proper”  States could not tax the Bank - Supremacy Clause  Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)  Increased federal government’s interstate commerce authority

6. Democratic-Republicans Fracturing  Democratic-Republicans split as nation grows  Old Guard Dem-Reps cling to ideals and strict interpretation; states’ rights  New Guard Dem-Reps adopt Federalist- type platforms; nationalism

7. Sectional Representation The Great Triumvirate  Daniel Webster of Massachusetts - NORTH  Henry Clay of Kentucky - WEST  John C. Calhoun of South Carolina - SOUTH  Serve as House and Senate members  Former War Hawks, Nationalists  Calhoun will lean toward states’ rights later  Will become dominant members of the Senate in 1830s and 1840s

8. America Expands  Land available in Louisiana Territory and conquered native lands  Loans from state banks than Bank of U.S.  Cheap land sold by government  Trade restrictions and panics force New Englanders west  South demands new fertile land  Slavery a necessity  Improved infrastructure makes expanding easier  Influx of immigrants

9. Missouri Compromise (1820)  Given North-South rift, politicians hoped to preserve sectional balance  House dominated by North, but Southern senators could block legislation  Tallmadge Amendment  Prohibit more slaves in Missouri  Free child slaves by 25 years old  Missouri Compromise by Henry Clay  Missouri as a slave state  Maine as a free state  Latitude 36 30’  “Missouri question aroused and filled me with alarm…I have been among the most sanguine in believing that our Union would be of long duration. I now doubt it much.” - Thomas Jefferson, April 13, 1820

10. America’s Foreign Policy  Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)  naval activity and forts limited between U.S. and Canada  Treaty of 1818 with Great Britain  Fishing rights, 49 th parallel northern boundary  Florida  Andrew Jackson’s Invasion and First Seminole War (1816-1818)  Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)  U.S. acquires Florida, assume Spanish claims

11. Monroe Doctrine (1823)  Concerned about European aggression in the Americas  Central and South American revolutions  Americas not subject to colonization  United States gives warning to Europe, including Great Britain, to not interfere with sovereign development of the Americas  What prevents the U.S. from interfering in Latin America?

12. America’s Market Economy: Transportation  Transportation  Toll Roads and Turnpikes  Cumberland Road (National Road)  Canals  Connected major waterways and West with East  Erie Canal (1825)  Steamboats  Robert Fulton and the Clermont (1807)  Railroads  Based on steam energy and slowly developing in Northeast

13. Cumberland Road

14. America Connected

15. The Clermont

16. America’s Market Economy: Industrialism  Production Prior…  Most textile and production at home or by skilled artisans in Northeast  Putting-out system  Merchants bought raw materials and hired farm families to produce goods for selling  Innovation  Cotton gin  Textile machines from England  Spinning jenny  Flying shuttle  Water frame  Steam power  Interchangeable parts  Assembly-line type production  Factory System  High production with use of machines and new technologies  Opened doors for unskilled labor and urbanization  Artisans pressured by high demand and forced to work in factories  Lowell System  Recruited young women to work in textile factories and live in dormitories  Rise of Corporations  Capital investment for new industries  Trade Unions  Poor working conditions, low pay, and long hours led to development of unions

17. Innovations Steam engine Interchangeable parts Spinning jenny

18. America’s Market Economy: Commercial Agriculture  Innovation increased agricultural production  Iron and steel plows  Grain cradle  Variety of crops and livestock  Improved transportation  Established market networks and credit  Western expansion and new fertile land  Grain center moved from New York and Pennsylvania to Ohio to Illinois  North based on grain  Upper South based on tobacco  Deep South based on King Cotton  Cotton gin could process 50 lbs / day  1790 - 3,000 bales (at 500 lbs/ bale)  1793 - 10,000 bales  1795 17,000 bales  1801 100,000 bales  1820 200,000 bales  26¢-44¢ before 1800;  15¢-19¢ after 1800  Slavery  Demand substantially increased  Interstate slave trade booms after 1820  Most slaves traded from Upper South to Lower South

19. America’s Market Economy: Federal Policies and Banking  Increased manufacturing due to trade restrictions and war  Tariff of 1816  Protective tariff raising rates to 25%  The American System by Henry Clay  Evolution of Hamilton’s Economic Plan  Protective tariffs  Foreign goods become expensive, consumers purchase cheaper American goods  National bank  Single currency to facilitate trade  Establish easier credit system  Infrastructure  Improved transportation facilitated trade and commerce, linking the regions and markets  Credit and Banking  Second Bank of the United States (1816) chartered  farmers earning credit leading to necessity of banks  State banks issued paper notes for specie (gold and silver)  Panic of 1819 (1819-1823)  Considered the first major economic and financial crisis of the U.S.  U.S. borrowed heavily to finance the war leading to inflation  Bank of U.S. increased interest rates to control inflation (contractionary policy)  Land speculation and recession hits the West hard  Northern manufacturers demanded high tariffs  Southern farmers demanded low tariffs  Western farmers blamed speculation and banks

20. Regional Specialization  North  Manufactured goods to sell to the West and South  Dependent on crops from West (food) and South (textiles, trade)  West  Farmed to feed the North  Developed with Northern manufactured goods  South  Plantations and farmers grew cotton to sell to Northern textile manufacturers and shippers  Subsistent

21. United States c. 1824